Frankish governance of Outremer c.1099-c.1124 Flashcards
Which Christians were in the county of Tripoli and the northernmost kingdom of Jerusalem?
Maronites
Which Eastern Christians were numerous in the states of Antioch and Edessa?
Armenians
Which followers of the Syrian Orthodox Church were on generally amicable terms with the Franks?
Jacobites
Which ethnic group made up the majority of the population in the principality of Antioch?
Greeks
Which historian argued that the Franks did integrate to a degree in that they shared villages with other Christians?
Ellenblum
Which historian argued that Franks lived in the towns and separately from other groups?
Prawer
What title was given to the heads of Muslim villages that ran their own communities?
ra’is
What was established to deal with issues between Franks and non-Franks?
Cour de la Fonde
Which group had no representation on the Cour de la Fonde that heavily favoured Franks?
Muslims
What was paid by all non-Frankish people in Outremer?
Poll Tax
What was the pre-1950s view that Franks and Muslims integrated and developed a shared culture?
Harmonious relationship
Who resettled a group of Jacobites from east of the river Jordan to south of Jerusalem?
Baldwin I
Which town in the kingdom of Jerusalem had a significant Jewish community?
Haifa
Which crusader state had the largest concentration of Muslim inhabitants?
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Which Frankish leader was married to an Armenian princess called Morphia?
Baldwin II
What name is given to the districts in towns that were under the control of Italian city-states?
quarters
What were many of the Italian city-states exempt from due to their role in capturing coastal cities?
Taxation
What seems to have remained largely unaffected by wars between the Franks and the Muslims?
Trade
What name had been given to non-Muslims who had paid tax for living under Islamic rule before the crusades?
dhimmis
What percentage of compensation that would have been owed to a Frank was paid to non-Franks?
Fifty
What role was never really fulfilled by Franks due to the position of native peoples in the rural economy?
Peasants
Where were permanent Muslim populations relatively uncommon?
Towns
What rural buildings were usually shared by the Franks and indigenous Christians?
Churches
Where were strict punishments laid out to forbid sexual relations between Christians and Muslims in 1120?
Council of Nablus
What was the punishment for males for sexual relationships with a woman of a different religion?
Castration
Native non-Franks of which profession were particularly highly valued by the Franks?
Medical
When were the Muslims expelled from or killed in Jerusalem?
July 1099
What did Muslims not have to pay unlike the Franks?
Tithe
What term was used to refer to the native settled Muslim inhabitants of Outremer?
Saracens
What term was used to refer to Greek Orthodox Christians loyal to Byzantium?
Melkites
What did Baldwin I appear to be quite relaxed about and even, to an extent, encourage?
Intermarriage
Which city were Arab traders banned from living in?
Jerusalem
Which patriarch of Jerusalem was reprimanded in 1114 for having performed a Christian-Muslim wedding?
Arnulf
Which pope reprimanded the patriarch of Jerusalem in 1114 for performing a Christian-Muslim wedding?
Paschal II
In which of the crusader states did the firth three counts all have Armenian wives?
County of Edessa
Which part of a woman consenting to a sexual relationship with someone of a different religion was cut off?
Nose
Which Greek patriarch of Antioch did Bohemond replace?
John the Oxite
What were replaced with Latin ones resulting in enormous resentment by Greek Orthodox Christians?
Patriarchs
What were imposed upon the Byzantine-backed Greek Orthodox priests?
Latin bishops
In which year did the massacre of pilgrims at Easter and the military defeat to Il-Ghazi prompt the Templar’s creation?
1119
When was the Hospitallers role in supporting sick pilgrims in Outremer first specifically recognised?
1113
What function did the Hospitallers primarily provide to the Franks of Outremer until the 1130s?
Medical
Which groups mostly aided Outremer by the end of the 1120s through raising money in the Latin West?
Military Orders
What was the clash between killing and sin that was solved by sanctified violence such as joining a military order?
Knightly dilemma
Which military order was founded in 1119, partly as an outlet for ‘lay piety’?
Templars
What term refers to the religious practices and faith of those who were not in traditional holy orders?
Lay piety
What religious order had predated the crusades but was refounded in 1113 and was increasingly military by 1130?
Hospitallers
What Muslim military in 1119 victory created a response in the Latin West, prompting fresh crusading and the Templars?
Field of Blood
Becoming a member of the Templars or Hospitallers was a means by which a knight could fight and enter a what?
Holy Order
Which prominent Latin churchman wrote ‘In Praise of the New Knighthood’ in 1130 supporting the Templars?
Bernard of Clairvaux
The long patriarchate of Bernard of Valence (1100-1135) aided stability in which otherwise unstable state?
Antioch
Who helped secure the release of Raymond by Tancred (1100) and Bohemond by the Danishmends (1103)?
Bernard of Valence
Bernard of Valence provided military support to assist Tancred at which battle in 1104?
Harran
The conflict between Tancred and which Frankish ruler was resolved through Bernard of Valance’s efforts?
Baldwin II of Edessa
Which pope encouraged the Venetian Crusade of 1122-24 and renewed crusading indulgences?
Calixtus II
Which Patriarch of Jerusalem tried to take control of the city in 1100 and then tried to give it to Behemond in 1100?
Daimbert
Which pope made the Hospitallers answerable only to the papacy (and not Frankish rulers) in 1113?
Honorius II
With which head of the Jacobite Church did Bernard of Valence caused a dispute that was a problem for Antioch in 1118?
Athanasius
Which patriarch attempted to reassert the idea of church rule in Jerusalem between 1128 and 1130?
Stephen
Which Patriarch of Jerusalem assisted in the creation of the Templars and oversaw the 1124 siege of Tyre?
Warmund
What were the Principality of Galilee, County of Jaffa and Lordships of Sidon and Montreal in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Great fiefs
Which class tended to live in the cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem rather than their great country estates?
nobility
What was composed of the bishops and nobles of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Haute Cour
Which meeting formalised and codified many of the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1120?
Council of Nablus
Which great office had the supreme military function (under the king) in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Constable
Jerusalem, Nablus, Acre and (from 1124) Tyre were part of what in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
royal domain
What did royal domain revenue, caravan tolls, dues from Bedouin shepherds and justice provide Kings of Jerusalem?
finance
What major tax for kings of Jerusalem came from harbour dues at Acre?
the chaine
What tax of goods sold in the city of Jerusalem was very profitable to its kings?
the plateaticum
Who administered royal finances and dispensed justice in the king’s place in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Seneschal
Who was second in command to the Constable and inspected arms and equipment in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Marshal
Who dealt with drawing up deeds and charters and directed the diplomatic service in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Chancellor
