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The building blocks of life > The origins of cells and cell theory and Amino Acids > Flashcards

The origins of cells and cell theory and Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in the likely scenario?

A

Evolution starts:
The first protocell is just a sac of water and RNA and requires an external stimulus to reproduce

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2
Q

What is the second step in the likely scenario?

A

RNA Catalysts:
Ribozymes- folded RNA molecules analogous to protein-based enzymes-arise and take such jobs as speeding up reproduction and strengthening the protocell’s membrane

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3
Q

What is the third step in the likely scenario?

A

Metabolism Begins:
Other ribozymes catalyse metabolism-chains of chemical reactions that enable protocells to tap into nutrients from the environment

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4
Q

What is the fourth step in the likely scenario?

A

Proteins Appear:
Complex systems of RNA catalyst begin to translate strings of RNA letters into chains of amino acids. Proteins later prove to be more efficient catalysts and able to carry out a variety of tasks.

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5
Q

What is the fifth step in the likely scenario?

A

Proteins takes over:
Proteins take on a wide range of task within the cell. Protein-based catalysts, or enzymes, gradually replace most ribozymes

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6
Q

What is the sixth step in the likely scenario?

A

The birth of DNA:
Other enzymes begin to make DNA. Thanks to its superior stability. DNA takes on the role of primary genetic molecule. RNA’s main role is how to act as a bridge between DNA and proteins.

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7
Q

What is the seventh step in the likely scenario?

A

Bacterial world:
Organisms resembling modern bacteria adapt to living virtually everywhere on earth and rule unopposed for billions of years, until some of them begin to evolve into more complex organisms

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8
Q

What are the key elements of cell theory?

A
  • cells are fundamental and smallest units of life
    -all organisms are composed of cells
    -all cells come from pre-existing cells
    -Modern cells evolved from a common ancestor
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9
Q

why is cell theory so important?

A

it is important unifying theory of biology

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10
Q

What is the key elements of cell theory?

A
  • Cells are the fundamental units of life
    -All organisms are composed of cells
  • All cells come from pre existing cells
    -Modern cells evolved from a common ancestor
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11
Q

What are the implications of the cell theory?

A
  • Functions of all cells are similar
    -Life is continuous
    -Origin of life was the origin of cells
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12
Q

Why are cells small?

A

As a cell volume increases, chemical activity increases, along with the need for resources and waste removal. Communication and transport within cells is essential for cell survival and the smaller the cell the easier this is

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13
Q

what is the approximate dimensions of cells

A

2ul, 20ul, 200ul

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14
Q

How can microscopes be used to reveal cells?

A

A beam of electrons moves back and forth across a cell’s surface, creating details of cell surface characteristics

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15
Q

How can electron microscopes be used to reveal cells?

A

An electron beam penetrates the cell and provides derails of a cell’s internal structures

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16
Q

What are the features of a light microscope?

A
  • Ocular lens
  • Light beam
    -Objective lens
    -Specimen
    -Consider lens
    -Light source
17
Q

What are the features of a transmission electron microscope?

A
  • Electron gun
  • First condenser lens
  • Electron beam
  • Specimen
  • Objective lens
  • Projector lens
  • Screen or digital camera
18
Q

Explain the importance of compartmentalization and membranes?

A

The cell membrane is the permeable outer boundary of every cell and has similar structure in all cells. It is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

19
Q

Important information about a cell mebrane?

A
  • is a selectively permeable barrier
    -allows cells to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis)
    -is important in communication and receiving signals
    -often has proteins for binding and adhering to adjacent cells
20
Q

What is the primary Structure of amino acid?

A

Linear chain of amino acids

21
Q

What atoms make up an amino acid?

A
  1. amino group NH2
  2. carboxylic acid COOH
  3. carbon atom connecting amino and carboxy groups
  4. side chain or R group
22
Q

How the charge of an amino acid changes with pH of the solution

A

If the pH is lower (in acidic conditions) than the isoelectric point then the amino acid acts as a base and accepts a proton at the amino group. This gives it a positive change. If the pH is higher (in alkaline conditions) than the isoelectric point then the amino acid acts as an acid and donates a proton from its carboxyl group.

23
Q

What stereoisomer if CORN is clockwise?

A

L-amino acid

24
Q

What stereoisomer if CORN is Anticlockwise?

A

D- amino acid

25
Q

Using CIP rule what orientation is clockwise?

A

R-configuration

26
Q

Using CIP rule what orientation is anticlockwise?

A

S-configuration

27
Q

What is the Phi bond?

A

The Phi (Ph-irst) angle is the of rotation around the bond between ‘NH’ group and the alpha carbron

28
Q

What is the Psi bond?

A

The Phi (Ps-second) angle is the of rotation around the bond between the alpha carbon (C-R) and the carbonyl carbon (C=O)

29
Q

What is the Torsion angle?

A

Polypeptides cab rotated around the Phi and Psi angles have limited rotation around the Omega

30
Q

What is the secondary structure of protein?

A

Polypeptide typically adopt three different secondary structure - Beta sheets, alpha helices and random coils

31
Q

What is the role of hydrogen bond in protein secondary structure?

A

B-strands are held together in B-sheets by hydrogen bonds

32
Q

Explain Alanine?

A

3 letter code: Ala
One letter code: A

33
Q

Explain Valine?

A

3 letter code: Val
1 letter code: V

34
Q

Explain Glutamate/Glutamic Acid?

A

3 letter code: Glu
1 letter code: E

35
Q

Explain Arginie?

A

3 letter code: Arg
1 letter code: R

36
Q

Explain Serine?

A

3 letter code: Ser
1 letter code: S

37
Q

Explain Cysteine?

A

3 letter code: Cys
1 letter code: C

38
Q

Explain Histidine?

A

3 letter code: His
1 letter code: H

39
Q

Explain Ramachandran pot?

A

The Phi and Psi angles can both rotate 360.
(from -180 to +180)

The building blocks of life (16 decks)

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