Diversity of Eukaryotes Flashcards
Evidence for the common origin of all cells
Hypothesis A: autogenic origin of all organelles by step-wise mutations
Hypothesis B: FECA is the result of an endosymbiosis event and further organelles were acquired by endocytosis
Brown algae is plants (T or F)
False
Molecular sequence data and metagenomics as basis for modern classification (T or F)
True
Slime moulds (Mycetozoa) and Oomycota are not fungi
True
Examples of Ciliates
Paramecium, Stentor, Vorticella, and TETRAHYMENA
Examples of flagellates
Trypanosoma, Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and Euglena
conceptual differences between LUCA, FECA and LECA
LUCA: last universal common ancestor
FECA: first eukaryotic common ancestor
LECA: last eukaryotic common ancestor
Messenger RNA is being translated into protein in the nucleus (T OR F)
True
What is the equivalent to our digestive system at the cellular level?
Endomembrane system
Which eukaryotic organelles are related to each other?
Flagellum, Basal Bodies, and centrioles
which cellular function directly involves the Golgi complex?
Protein Trafficking
Which protein is the subunits of microfilaments are composed of?
Actin
What is the typical microtubule pattern of a basal body?
9x3
What is not a function of the ER?
protein sulfation
Which pH do you not expect to find out inside lysosomes?
5.0
Which organelles does the cis-side of the Golgi communication system the via vesicle trafficking?
endoplasmic reticulum
What provides the energy for nuclear uptake of proteins?
a RanGTP gradient
How are vesicle contents (cargo) packed into specific vesicles in the cell?
Vesicles form at sites of cargo productions outside of the nucleus. Gene transcription takes place inside the nucleus. Cargo molecules are recognised by specific receptors and packed into vesicles. The vesicles form around packed cargo. The cytoskeleton transports those vesicles, but does not play any role in cargo selection.
in which export pathway from the Golgi apparatus are products stored before release?
regulated secretion pathway
what is the term for uptake of fluids by cells?
pinocytosis
What is the reason that the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded into cristae?
The folding of the inner mitochondria membrane into cristae allows the surface area for electron transport systems and hydrogen ion pumps to be maximised
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
- to provide the cell with stability
- to support internal membrane-bound organelles
- to transport vesicles around the cell
- to support cell movements
- to signal between cells
First, the gene sequence is being read from the blank 1 and transcribed into blank 2. Next, the blank 3 is being exported from the blank 4 and blank 5 are being translated from the blank 6 at the blank 7
Blank 1 - DNA
Blank 2 - mRNA
Blank 3 - mRNA
Blank 4 - nucleus
Blank 5 - polypeptides
Blank 6 - mRNA
Blank 7 - ribosome
What is the function of peroxisomes?
oxygen reduction
In which cellular organelle(s) does gene transcription take place?
Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
What cytoskeleton elements has the largest diameter?
tubulin
What is not a typical for eukaryotic cells?
sex pili
What is the purpose of the mitochondrial electron tram chain
creating a proton gradient which can be used to generate ATP
Why is the endoplasmic reticulum a network of membrane tubules and cisterns?
The ER is a network to reach all parts of the cell in order to keep transport pathways short. Transport is energy intensive. A large surface also increases the number of ribosomes that can be bound and participate in protein synthesis
What cellular function occurs in the nucleolus?
transcription of rRNA genes
why does the endoplasmic reticulum not correspond dirac with the outside of the cell?
because of the presence of the “Golgi lock”
which reaction takes place in hydrogenosomes
anaerobic production of ATP from pryuvate
The Golgi stacks have a specific orientation? T or F
True
Which process is common between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
The use of oxygen and NAD(P) differs between mitochondria and chloroplasts, but both are creating and storing a proton gradient to create energy equivalents
The DNA coding sequence is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus. T or F
True
The eukaryotic cell possess specific transport mechanisms for proteins and RNAs. But how is DNA transported ?
nobody really knows
