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The building blocks of life > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the three-kingdom classification of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

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2
Q

What are the main structures in a Prokaryote?

A
  1. An outer layer of the capsule
  2. Cell wall under the capsule
  3. Plasma membrane as the inner layer
  4. Cytoplasm filling the inside of the cell
  5. Nucleoid which is the genetic material or DNA of the cell
  6. Brown spherical structures called ribosomes
  7. Plasmid which contains extra genetic material or DNA
  8. Several small thread-like structures (pili) are present over the capsule. Each one is called a pilus.
  9. Two long thread-like structures emerging from cytoplasm are called flagella.
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3
Q

What is seen when a cell-wall of a gram-positive bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have only a single membrane that is covered by a thick peptidoglycan wall.

Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acids extend through the peptidoglycan layer and to the outer surface

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4
Q

What is seen when a cell wall is gram-negative in a bacteria?

A

gram-negative bacteria have two membranes: the outer membrane and inner membrane and between them a periplasmic space.

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of the Flagellum?

A

The long part extruding from the cell and responsible for cell movement is called the filament which is made up of the protein flagellin. The filament is attached with a hook to a rotating rod

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6
Q

What is the function of the Flagellum?

A

Flagella are filamentous protein structures found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, though they are most commonly found in bacteria. They are typically used to propel a cell through liquid (i.e. bacteria and sperm).

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7
Q

Where is the DNA found in Prokaryotes?

A

Nucleoid

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8
Q

What is the Nucleiod?

A

Is the space within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic information, called the genophore

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9
Q

what are the diverse environments prokaryotes can live in?

A

Soil, Water and Human body

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10
Q

What is Archaea?

A

Often found in extreme environments, utilise various energy sources: light, metal ions, hydrogen

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11
Q

What is Bacterial diversity?

A

based on SSU rRNA sequences

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12
Q

What are the three global nutrient cycles that prokaryotes drive from?

A

The Carbon Cycle, The Nitrogen Cycle, and The Sulphur Cycle

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13
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have a circular genome, while eukaryotes have a linear genome

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14
Q

Describe how the prokaryotic cells appear compared to the eukaryotic cells?

A

The prokaryotic cells are much smaller than the eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

How many kingdoms of life are currently recognised?

A

Three: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

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16
Q

Why is rDNA used to measure evolutionary time?

A

It mutates extremely slowly and it is universally present in all organisms

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17
Q

Which kingdom is the most diverse?

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

What is the main constitute of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?

A

peptidoglycan

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19
Q

which of these statements describes why E. coli is Gram-negative?

A

Crystal violet is washed out of the cell by ethanol

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20
Q

What is the organelle called that is responsible for swimming behaviour in bacteria?

A

flagellum

21
Q

Both, bacteria and eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton. T or F

A

True

22
Q

Which properties make Archaea more difficult to study in the lab than true bacteria?

A

Archaea live under environmental conditions that are difficult to reproduce in the lab

23
Q

Differences between Archaea and bacteria

A

The DNA of Archaea is organised into chromosomes and bound by histones, whereas bacteria have neither.

Lipids in the plasma membrane of Archaea are ether-linked, whereas the lipids of bacteria are ester-linked

24
Q

Which group of Archaea is closed related to eukaryotes?

A

Heimdallarchaeota

25
Q

What is not a function of plasma membrane?

A

being freely permeable to all molecules

26
Q

In a lipid bilayer, [insert correct answer] fatty acid tails face each other within the bilayer and form a region that excludes water.

A

hydrophobic

27
Q

Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the plasma membrane by…

A

passive diffusion

28
Q

Simple diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move:

A

down their concentration gradient

29
Q

Which of the following is a vesicle mediated transport mechanism?

A

exocytosis

30
Q

what property of the phospholipid molecule provides for some fluidity of the plasma membrane?

A

unsaturated hydrocarbon cis-double bonds leading to kinked tail

31
Q

When a cell is exposed to hypertonic medium, its protoplast (membrane enclosed cytoplasm ) will swell. T or F

A

False

32
Q

How is the asymmetry of the plasma membrane generated?

A

through the unequal distribution of specific lipids

33
Q

How does the presence of internal membranes affect the evolution and functions of eukaryotic cells?

A

Functions are compartmentalised and trafficking between compartments is important

34
Q

Which compound do methanotrophous bacteria live on?

A

CH4

35
Q

what is mostly to be found in a inner layer of the lipid bilayer?

A

fatty acids

36
Q

if you wanted to reduce the amount of cholesterol in your diet, which of these food or food products would you exclude?

A

chicken

37
Q

what is the process of denitrification

A

the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen

38
Q

which is not a function of ER?

A

protein sulfation

39
Q

which organelles does the cis-side of the Golgi communicate with via vesicle trafficking?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

why is the endoplasmic reticulum a network of membrane tubules band cisterns?

A

To keep transport pathways short between the site of protein production and all designations within the cell and to increase its surface to allow for more ribosomes to bind

41
Q

why does the endoplasmic reticulum not correspond directly with the outside of the cell?

A

because the presence of the “Golgi lock”

42
Q

in which export pathway from the Golgi apparatus are products stored before release?

A

regulated secretion pathway

43
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes

A

oxygen reduction

44
Q

what provides the energy for nuclear uptake of proteins?

A

RanGTP

45
Q

what is the typical microtubule pattern of a basal body?

A

9x3

46
Q

what is the purpose of the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

A

creating a proton gradient which can be used to generate ATP

47
Q

which reaction takes place in hydrogenosomes

A

anaerobic production of ATP from pyruvate

48
Q

which process is common between mitochondria and chloroplast

A

the creation of a proton gradient

The building blocks of life (16 decks)

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