Prokaryotes

Question 1

What is the three-kingdom classification of life?

Answer 1

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

Question 2

What are the main structures in a Prokaryote?

Answer 2

1. An outer layer of the capsule
2. Cell wall under the capsule
3. Plasma membrane as the inner layer
4. Cytoplasm filling the inside of the cell
5. Nucleoid which is the genetic material or DNA of the cell
6. Brown spherical structures called ribosomes
7. Plasmid which contains extra genetic material or DNA
8. Several small thread-like structures (pili) are present over the capsule. Each one is called a pilus.
9. Two long thread-like structures emerging from cytoplasm are called flagella.

Question 3

What is seen when a cell-wall of a gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 3

Gram-positive bacteria have only a single membrane that is covered by a thick peptidoglycan wall.

Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acids extend through the peptidoglycan layer and to the outer surface

Question 4

What is seen when a cell wall is gram-negative in a bacteria?

Answer 4

gram-negative bacteria have two membranes: the outer membrane and inner membrane and between them a periplasmic space.

Question 5

What is the mechanism of the Flagellum?

Answer 5

The long part extruding from the cell and responsible for cell movement is called the filament which is made up of the protein flagellin. The filament is attached with a hook to a rotating rod

Question 6

What is the function of the Flagellum?

Answer 6

Flagella are filamentous protein structures found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, though they are most commonly found in bacteria. They are typically used to propel a cell through liquid (i.e. bacteria and sperm).

Question 7

Where is the DNA found in Prokaryotes?

Answer 7

Nucleoid

Question 8

What is the Nucleiod?

Answer 8

Is the space within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic information, called the genophore

Question 9

what are the diverse environments prokaryotes can live in?

Answer 9

Soil, Water and Human body

Question 10

What is Archaea?

Answer 10

Often found in extreme environments, utilise various energy sources: light, metal ions, hydrogen

Question 11

What is Bacterial diversity?

Answer 11

based on SSU rRNA sequences

Question 12

What are the three global nutrient cycles that prokaryotes drive from?

Answer 12

The Carbon Cycle, The Nitrogen Cycle, and The Sulphur Cycle

Question 13

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 13

Prokaryotes have a circular genome, while eukaryotes have a linear genome

Question 14

Describe how the prokaryotic cells appear compared to the eukaryotic cells?

Answer 14

The prokaryotic cells are much smaller than the eukaryotic cells

Question 15

How many kingdoms of life are currently recognised?

Answer 15

Three: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

Question 16

Why is rDNA used to measure evolutionary time?

Answer 16

It mutates extremely slowly and it is universally present in all organisms

Question 17

Which kingdom is the most diverse?

Answer 17

Bacteria

Question 18

What is the main constitute of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 18

peptidoglycan

Question 19

which of these statements describes why E. coli is Gram-negative?

Answer 19

Crystal violet is washed out of the cell by ethanol

Question 20

What is the organelle called that is responsible for swimming behaviour in bacteria?

Answer 20

flagellum

Question 21

Both, bacteria and eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton. T or F

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Which properties make Archaea more difficult to study in the lab than true bacteria?

Answer 22

Archaea live under environmental conditions that are difficult to reproduce in the lab

Question 23

Differences between Archaea and bacteria

Answer 23

The DNA of Archaea is organised into chromosomes and bound by histones, whereas bacteria have neither.

Lipids in the plasma membrane of Archaea are ether-linked, whereas the lipids of bacteria are ester-linked

Question 24

Which group of Archaea is closed related to eukaryotes?

Answer 24

Heimdallarchaeota

Question 25

What is not a function of plasma membrane?

Answer 25

being freely permeable to all molecules

Question 26

In a lipid bilayer, [insert correct answer] fatty acid tails face each other within the bilayer and form a region that excludes water.

Answer 26

hydrophobic

Question 27

Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the plasma membrane by…

Answer 27

passive diffusion

Question 28

Simple diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move:

Answer 28

down their concentration gradient

Question 29

Which of the following is a vesicle mediated transport mechanism?

Answer 29

exocytosis

Question 30

what property of the phospholipid molecule provides for some fluidity of the plasma membrane?

Answer 30

unsaturated hydrocarbon cis-double bonds leading to kinked tail

Question 31

When a cell is exposed to hypertonic medium, its protoplast (membrane enclosed cytoplasm ) will swell. T or F

Answer 31

False

Question 32

How is the asymmetry of the plasma membrane generated?

Answer 32

through the unequal distribution of specific lipids

Question 33

How does the presence of internal membranes affect the evolution and functions of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 33

Functions are compartmentalised and trafficking between compartments is important

Question 34

Which compound do methanotrophous bacteria live on?

Answer 34

CH4

Question 35

what is mostly to be found in a inner layer of the lipid bilayer?

Answer 35

fatty acids

Question 36

if you wanted to reduce the amount of cholesterol in your diet, which of these food or food products would you exclude?

Answer 36

chicken

Question 37

what is the process of denitrification

Answer 37

the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen

Question 38

which is not a function of ER?

Answer 38

protein sulfation

Question 39

which organelles does the cis-side of the Golgi communicate with via vesicle trafficking?

Answer 39

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 40

why is the endoplasmic reticulum a network of membrane tubules band cisterns?

Answer 40

To keep transport pathways short between the site of protein production and all designations within the cell and to increase its surface to allow for more ribosomes to bind

Question 41

why does the endoplasmic reticulum not correspond directly with the outside of the cell?

Answer 41

because the presence of the “Golgi lock”

Question 42

in which export pathway from the Golgi apparatus are products stored before release?

Answer 42

regulated secretion pathway

Question 43

what is the function of peroxisomes

Answer 43

oxygen reduction

Question 44

what provides the energy for nuclear uptake of proteins?

Answer 44

RanGTP

Question 45

what is the typical microtubule pattern of a basal body?

Answer 45

9x3

Question 46

what is the purpose of the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

Answer 46

creating a proton gradient which can be used to generate ATP

Question 47

which reaction takes place in hydrogenosomes

Answer 47

anaerobic production of ATP from pyruvate

Question 48

which process is common between mitochondria and chloroplast

Answer 48

the creation of a proton gradient