The Nucleus + DNA Packing Flashcards

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1
Q

The nuclear envelope consists of the following:

A

A double unit membrane

Perinucleur space

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2
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

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3
Q

What are the benefits of having a separate, membrane bound nucleus?

A

Enabled the evolution of SPLIT genes + alternative splicing

Rapid response to external environment

Separation of delicate DNA from cystoskeletal filaments

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4
Q

The nucleus may have evolved from membrane INVAGINATIONS which can be seen in modern bacteria. True or false?

A

True

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5
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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6
Q

Name the process these molecules go through:

DNA, mRNA, Protein

A

replication, transcription, translation

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7
Q

What are the regulatory regions of genes known as?

A

Promoter / enhancer

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8
Q

What is true about prokaryotic GENES?

A

Prokaryotic genes are simultaneously transcribed + translated.

Prokaryotic genes are SPLIT into coding exons and NON- coding introns.

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46

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10
Q

Humans have 2 sex chromosomes. What are these called?

A

X chromosome and Y chromosome

XX  = female. 
XY =  male.
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11
Q

What are our remaining chromosomes called?

A

autosomal chromosomes

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12
Q

What are the two arms of a chromosome called?

A
Short = P arm
Long = Q arm
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13
Q

When is highest level of DNA packaging achieved?

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

DNA and associated proteins in nucleus form a material known as Chromatin.

True or false?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What does this picture show?

Beads on a string

A

Nucleosomes

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16
Q

Which of the following HISTONES are found in nucleosome core?

A

H2A

H2B

H3

H4

17
Q

Which of these describes the Nucleosome Core?

A

An Octamer

18
Q

How much DNA is wound around the HISTONE core in the nucleosome?

A

146 nucleotides

19
Q

Which ADDITIONAL protein is used to twist the Beads-on-a-String form of Chromatin into 30nm fibre?

A

H1

20
Q

What structure are chromatin loops attached?

A

Nuclear Scaffold

21
Q

What is active DNA and highly packaged SILENT DNA known as?

A

Active - Euchromatin

Silent - Heterochromatin

22
Q

What is MAXIMUM level of DNA packaging possible?

A

10 000

23
Q

Nuclear Envelope consists of 2 membranes (inner and outer) which meet at nuclear PORES.

True or false?

A

TRUE

24
Q

Which type of cytoskeletal element support the nuclear envelope?

A

Intermediate filaments /

Nuclear Lamina

25
Q

Label diagram of Nuclear Pore Complex

A ( squiggly things poking out top)

B ( green thing holding on)

C (blue squiggly things coming out bottom of opening)

A

A - Cytoplasmic Fibrils

B- Central ring / Transporter

C - Nuclear Basket

26
Q

Nuclear pores regulate the flow of ALL molecules into OR out of nucleus.

True or false?

A

False

27
Q

Nuclear Localisation Signals are REMOVED from proteins after they have been transported INTO nucleus.

True or false?

A

False

28
Q

Nuclear import receptors are called… and export receptors are called…

A

Importins

Exportins

29
Q

What statement about Nuclear Localisation Signals (NLSs) is FALSE?

A

NLSs are removed on entry of the protein into the nucleus.

30
Q

Lopped domains are directly involved in…

A

Packaging Chromatin in chromosomes

31
Q

Core nucleosomes consist of the following histones:

A

2 EACH of H2A, H2B, H3, H4

32
Q

What fold level of packaging does the ‘beads-on-a-string’ form of CHROMATIN cause?

A

3