Mitosis, Meiosis + Cell Death Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis?

What are stages 1-3 collectively known as?

A
G1 Phase 
S-Phase
G2 Phase 
Mitosis
Cytokinesis 

Interphase!

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2
Q

True if false: Cytokinesis is the FINAL stage of mitosis.

A

FALSE

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3
Q

Changes in the cytoskeleton are important during cell division. What activities contribute to this role?

A

Movement of Motor Proteins along actin filaments + microtubules
Assembly of actin filaments
Assembly AND disassembly of intermediate filaments
Growth and contraction of microtubules

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of micro tubules that play a role in SEPARATING sister chromatids during Anaphase of cell division?

A

Kinetochore + Astral microtubules

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5
Q

What are the 3 KEY Checkpoints within the Cell Cycle?

A

Restriction Point
G2-M Transition
Meta-anaphase Transition

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6
Q

At the restriction point PRIOR to the entry into S-phase of the cell cycle, what are the main factors checked for?

A

Favourable external environment
Cell size
DNA damage

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7
Q

At G2-M transition, what are the main factors checked for?

A

DNA damage
Cell size
DNA replication completed

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8
Q

At the transition from metaphase to anaphase during Mitosis, what are the main factors the cell checks for?

A

Chromosomes are attached to BOTH centromeres!

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9
Q

What is the term used to describe how many copies of each chromosome are present in a Human Cell?
Example of cell that would contain this number of chromosomes?

What term is used to describe cells with 2 copies of each chromosome?

A

Haploid
Sperm / Egg / Oocyte

Diploid!

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10
Q

Within an individual, the probability of 2 sperm cells being genetically identical is REMOTE.
In the production of healthy sperm, what processes normally contribute to this?

A

Random distribution of 1 set of chromosomes to each sperm cell
Recombination between homologous chromosomes

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11
Q

In Meiosis, there are … daughter cells. Daughters have the … complement of chromosomes. There are … cellular divisions and … occurs!

In Mitosis, there is … cellular division. Daughters have the … complement of chromosomes. There are … daughter cells.

In BOTH, DNA replication happens…

In neither, DNA replication happens…

A

4, haploid, two, recombination
One, diploid, 2

Once

Twice!

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12
Q

Name in the order they occur the subdivisions of Prophase 1 of Meiosis.

A
Leptotene!
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
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13
Q

During which stage of Meiotic Prophase 1 does recombination occur?

A

Pachytene!

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14
Q

Name the stages of Meiosis - the 6 stage version!

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase 1
  3. Metaphase 1
  4. Anaphase 1
  5. Telophase 1
  6. Anaphase 2
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15
Q

Name 1 form of programmed cell death.

What name is given to uncontrolled cell death after catastrophic injury?

A

Apoptosis

Necrosis!

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16
Q

In necrosis, it causes … and cells … and … No … is required and it is caused by …

Apoptosis is … There is … and cells … and are … It requires…

A

Inflammation, swell, burst, energy, catastrophic trauma.

Programmed cell death, no inflammation, shrink, engulfed, ATP.

17
Q

What processes involve Apoptosis?

A

Removal of cancer cells
Formation of the fingers during embryogenesis
Regression of the Tadpole Tail
Removal of cells infected with virus

18
Q

What are the 3 key features of Apoptosis?

A
  1. Membrane ‘blebbing’
  2. DNA Cleavage
  3. Nuclear Fragmentation
19
Q

Name the suicide Proteases that regulate Apoptosis.

A

Caspases

20
Q

What are the caspases that start apoptosis called?

What are the caspases that attach cellular targets called?

A

Initiator (caspases)

Effector (caspases)

21
Q

During apoptosis the nuclear laminar is cleaved by caspases. True or false?

A

True!

22
Q

During apoptosis the DNA is cleaved BY caspases. True or false?

A

FALSE

23
Q

What are the 2 pathways by which the Caspase Cascade can be activated?

A

Intrinsic + extrinsic

24
Q

What cells undergo Mitosis?

A

ALL CELLS

25
Q

What cells undergo Meiosis?

A

Germ line cells

26
Q

In both mitosis and meiosis, the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and all need microtubules associated with kinetchore.
But how is the lining up different?

A

In meiosis the homologs have to be lined up together! They are dependant on eachother.

But I’m mitosis they independent.

27
Q

What happens to nucleus + plasma membrane in necrosis and apoptosis?

A

Necrosis - it will burst

Apoptosis - it condenses and fragments

28
Q

What happens to the cellular contents necrosis vs apoptosis?

A

Necrosis - they leak / spill out!

Apoptosis - they are locked in enveloped membrane, no leakage.

29
Q

Necrosis is associated with…

Apoptosis can be … or …

A

Pathology

Physiology or pathology

30
Q

Examples of necrosis?

Examples of apoptosis?

A

N - trauma, lack of blood flow to tissue

A - regression of tadpole tail, removal of cancer cells

31
Q

Telomeres…

A

Protect the ENDS of chromosomes

32
Q

What is the name of the constricted region which holds the 2 sister chromatids together following S Phase of the cell cycle?

A

Centromere

33
Q

Match the events to the stages of Mitosis:

Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle (microtubules) =

Nuclear envelope breaks down + chromosomes attach to microtubules =

Chromosomes line up at equator and sister chromatids attach to opposite poles=

Sister chromatids pulled apart=

Daughter chromosomes reach poles and nuclear envelope reforms=

A
Prophase 
Prometaphase
Metaphase 
Anaphase
Telophase
34
Q

Put the stages of the Mitotic Cell Cycle in order:

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis