Mitosis, Meiosis + Cell Death

Question 1

What are the stages of Mitosis?

What are stages 1-3 collectively known as?

Answer 1

G1 Phase 
S-Phase
G2 Phase 
Mitosis
Cytokinesis 

Interphase!

Question 2

True if false: Cytokinesis is the FINAL stage of mitosis.

Answer 2

FALSE

Question 3

Changes in the cytoskeleton are important during cell division. What activities contribute to this role?

Answer 3

Movement of Motor Proteins along actin filaments + microtubules
Assembly of actin filaments
Assembly AND disassembly of intermediate filaments
Growth and contraction of microtubules

Question 4

What are the 2 types of micro tubules that play a role in SEPARATING sister chromatids during Anaphase of cell division?

Answer 4

Kinetochore + Astral microtubules

Question 5

What are the 3 KEY Checkpoints within the Cell Cycle?

Answer 5

Restriction Point
G2-M Transition
Meta-anaphase Transition

Question 6

At the restriction point PRIOR to the entry into S-phase of the cell cycle, what are the main factors checked for?

Answer 6

Favourable external environment
Cell size
DNA damage

Question 7

At G2-M transition, what are the main factors checked for?

Answer 7

DNA damage
Cell size
DNA replication completed

Question 8

At the transition from metaphase to anaphase during Mitosis, what are the main factors the cell checks for?

Answer 8

Chromosomes are attached to BOTH centromeres!

Question 9

What is the term used to describe how many copies of each chromosome are present in a Human Cell?
Example of cell that would contain this number of chromosomes?

What term is used to describe cells with 2 copies of each chromosome?

Answer 9

Haploid
Sperm / Egg / Oocyte

Diploid!

Question 10

Within an individual, the probability of 2 sperm cells being genetically identical is REMOTE.
In the production of healthy sperm, what processes normally contribute to this?

Answer 10

Random distribution of 1 set of chromosomes to each sperm cell
Recombination between homologous chromosomes

Question 11

In Meiosis, there are … daughter cells. Daughters have the … complement of chromosomes. There are … cellular divisions and … occurs!

In Mitosis, there is … cellular division. Daughters have the … complement of chromosomes. There are … daughter cells.

In BOTH, DNA replication happens…

In neither, DNA replication happens…

Answer 11

4, haploid, two, recombination
One, diploid, 2

Once

Twice!

Question 12

Name in the order they occur the subdivisions of Prophase 1 of Meiosis.

Answer 12

Leptotene!
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

Question 13

During which stage of Meiotic Prophase 1 does recombination occur?

Answer 13

Pachytene!

Question 14

Name the stages of Meiosis - the 6 stage version!

Answer 14

1. Interphase
2. Prophase 1
3. Metaphase 1
4. Anaphase 1
5. Telophase 1
6. Anaphase 2

Question 15

Name 1 form of programmed cell death.

What name is given to uncontrolled cell death after catastrophic injury?

Answer 15

Apoptosis

Necrosis!

Question 16

In necrosis, it causes … and cells … and … No … is required and it is caused by …

Apoptosis is … There is … and cells … and are … It requires…

Answer 16

Inflammation, swell, burst, energy, catastrophic trauma.

Programmed cell death, no inflammation, shrink, engulfed, ATP.

Question 17

What processes involve Apoptosis?

Answer 17

Removal of cancer cells
Formation of the fingers during embryogenesis
Regression of the Tadpole Tail
Removal of cells infected with virus

Question 18

What are the 3 key features of Apoptosis?

Answer 18

1. Membrane ‘blebbing’
2. DNA Cleavage
3. Nuclear Fragmentation

Question 19

Name the suicide Proteases that regulate Apoptosis.

Answer 19

Caspases

Question 20

What are the caspases that start apoptosis called?

What are the caspases that attach cellular targets called?

Answer 20

Initiator (caspases)

Effector (caspases)

Question 21

During apoptosis the nuclear laminar is cleaved by caspases. True or false?

Answer 21

True!

Question 22

During apoptosis the DNA is cleaved BY caspases. True or false?

Answer 22

FALSE

Question 23

What are the 2 pathways by which the Caspase Cascade can be activated?

Answer 23

Intrinsic + extrinsic

Question 24

What cells undergo Mitosis?

Answer 24

ALL CELLS

Question 25

What cells undergo Meiosis?

Answer 25

Germ line cells

Question 26

In both mitosis and meiosis, the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and all need microtubules associated with kinetchore. But how is the lining up different?

Answer 26

In meiosis the homologs have to be lined up together! They are dependant on eachother. But I’m mitosis they independent.

Question 27

What happens to nucleus + plasma membrane in necrosis and apoptosis?

Answer 27

Necrosis - it will burst Apoptosis - it condenses and fragments

Question 28

What happens to the cellular contents necrosis vs apoptosis?

Answer 28

Necrosis - they leak / spill out! Apoptosis - they are locked in enveloped membrane, no leakage.

Question 29

Necrosis is associated with… | Apoptosis can be … or …

Answer 29

Pathology Physiology or pathology

Question 30

Examples of necrosis? Examples of apoptosis?

Answer 30

N - trauma, lack of blood flow to tissue A - regression of tadpole tail, removal of cancer cells

Question 31

Telomeres…

Answer 31

Protect the ENDS of chromosomes

Question 32

What is the name of the constricted region which holds the 2 sister chromatids together following S Phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 32

Centromere

Question 33

Match the events to the stages of Mitosis: Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle (microtubules) = Nuclear envelope breaks down + chromosomes attach to microtubules = Chromosomes line up at equator and sister chromatids attach to opposite poles= Sister chromatids pulled apart= Daughter chromosomes reach poles and nuclear envelope reforms=

Answer 33

``` Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```

Question 34

Put the stages of the Mitotic Cell Cycle in order:

Answer 34

1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinesis