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Cell Biology > Golgi, Vesicles Transport + Lysosomes > Flashcards

Golgi, Vesicles Transport + Lysosomes Flashcards

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1
Q

Which chaperone monitors protein folding prior to export from ER to Golgi?
What is the signature this chaperone recognises?
What happens to this MIS-folded protein - what and where?

A

Calnexin
Single glucose!
Degradation! In Cytosol / cytoplasm

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2
Q

What coat protein causes vesicles destined for Golgi to BUD from ER?

A

COPII

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3
Q

What are the flattened compartments of Golgi called?

Name the 3 compartments in order

A

Cisternae!

Cis, medial, trans (cisternae)

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4
Q

What fate awaits a protein containing KDEL sequence when it reaches Golgi?

A

Retrieval to the endoplasmic reticulum!

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5
Q

Vesicles which RETURN proteins to ER FROM the Golgi are coated in… The return of proteins to ER is known as…

A

COPI

RETROGRADE Transport

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6
Q

The KDEL receptor binds to cargo in the… conditions of the…. to transport it to the…
Once there, conditions are … and the cargo released!
The empty KDEL receptor is then recycled to the … where it collects another cargo protein!

A

Acidic / Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum / neutral!
Golgi Apparatus

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7
Q

Name 2 modifications that can occur to proteins within the Golgi.

A
  1. Phosphorylation of oligosaccharides

2. Sulphation of Tyrosines

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8
Q

Match the type of glycosylation to the amino acid.

Alanine, Threonine, Hydroxylysine, Serine, Asparagine, Glycine.

A

Alanine - NOT glycosylated

Threonine - O linked
Hydroxylysine - O linked
Serine - O linked

Asparagine - N linked

Glycine - NOT glycosylated

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9
Q

Proteins which pass through ER and Golgi are glycosylated.

What are the roles of glycosylation?

A

Marker for folding
Transport marker
Cell surface marker
Protection!

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10
Q

What is 3 legged structure of Clathrin known as?

Clathrin subunits form basket weave structure. Where would membrane be found?

A

Triskelion

Inside!

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11
Q

Name of protein that links Clathrin to cargo receptor?
Name of protein that pinches off FULLY formed vesicles?
What occurs immediately after vesicles has been RELEASED?

A

Transmembranous

Dynamin

Uncoating!

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12
Q

In vesicular transport what are the surface markers on the RECIPIENT compartment called?

A

T- snares

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13
Q

In vesicular transport what are the surface markers on transport vesicles called?

A

V- snares!

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14
Q

In vesicular transport, what is the stage BEFORE 2 membranes fuse?

A

Docking

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15
Q

What is the name of the complex formed between a t and v-SNARE?

A

Trans-SNARE- complex

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16
Q

In vesicular transport what provides energy to bring vesicles and recipient membranes close together?
(Excluding water and promoting membrane fusion)

A

Winding of the v and t snare

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17
Q

True or false:

An INCREASE in pH as the secretory vesicles mature contributes to the concentrating of proteins with it?

A

FALSE

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18
Q

Give an example of type of protein which is modified by Proteolytic Cleavage within the secretory vesicles.

A

Peptide hormone / hydrolytic enzyme

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19
Q

What is the process where membrane components can be RETRIEVED from plasma membrane following Exocytosis?

A

Endocytosis

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20
Q

** RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS*

Cholesterol is taken up by mammalian cells particularly hepatocytes of the liver. It is transported in the blood complexed as…
… on the cell surface bind to LDLs and guide them into pits where an … links the receptor to…
A vesicles is formed and transported to the… where the … is released from receptor - can be recycled back to plasma membrane!

A 
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
LDL- Receptor 
Adaptin 
Clathrin 
Early endosome
LDL
21
Q

What is the main function of lysosomes?

A

Intracellular Digestion

22
Q

What is the generic name for type of enzyme found in Lysosomes?

A

Acid Hydrolases

23
Q

A bacterium has been phagocytosed and needs to be digested in lysosome. Name the 2 classes of enzyme that contribute to its degradation.

A

Proteases

Nucleases

24
Q

pH inside of lysosome?
What maintains it?
What provides energy for this process?

A

5

H+ pump

ATP

25
Q

How does the cell protect itself from its OWN lysosomal hydrolases?

A

They only function at LOW pH (as in lysosome)

By keeping them WITHIN a membrane

26
Q

What are the 3 routes that substrates for intracellular digestion take to the lysosome?

A

Autophagy
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis

27
Q

What organelles would a lysosomal hydrolase pass through?

A

The rough ER
Late endosomes
The Golgi
The smooth ER

28
Q

What marker is recognised by the receptors which target acid hydrolases into vesicles which will transport them to the lysosome?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

29
Q

On reaching the Late Endosome, what causes M6P on Lysosomal protein to dissociate from its receptor?
The environment is more…

A

Acidic!!!

30
Q

What is glycosylation?

What does N-linked glycosylation mean?

A

Addition of a 14-sugar oligosaccharide

It is attached to the NH2 group of the amino acid

31
Q

A protein shows N-linked glycosylation.
Where in the cell does this protein come from?

What is the relevance of this modification?

A

The ER (or possibly the Golgi where it is further processed)

It is used to identify whether a protein is folded properly!

32
Q

If a protein had O-linked glycosylation where would it be found?

What is the relevance of the O-

A

In the Golgi!

It is added to the carboxylic acid end of the amino acid through the oxygen

33
Q

The pH of the lumen of the Golgi apparatus changes as the compartments mature. How does it change?

What is the function of this?

A

It becomes more ACIDIC (reduces)

Changes in pH change the charges of the amino acids in the protein - this causes a shape change!
This then enables the CARGO to dissociate from its receptor in the membrane.

34
Q

When the vesicles leave their donor compartment they are covered in a ‘coat protein.’ What are the different coat proteins and when are they used?

What is their function?

A

COPI - Golgi to ER
Clathrin - Golgi to plasma membrane or lysosome
COPII - ER to Golgi

They bend the membrane to enable ‘budding’ to occur from the donor compartment!

35
Q

When a vesicle ‘buds’ from a compartment which protein is responsible for completing the release of the vesicle?

A

Dynamin cuts it off like a string around a piece of playdoh!

36
Q

Why are coat proteins LOST after their release from the donor compartments?

A

So that the molecules in the membrane beneath (such as snares) can enable FUSION between membranes.
This also allows recycling of the coat proteins!

37
Q

What keeps cargo safely in the vesicle?

A

Transmembrane receptors

38
Q

Why is there concentration of secretory proteins as the vesicles?

A

Due to:

Retrieval of the membrane back to the Golgi

Increased acidity in the maturing vesicle lumen, causing tighter aggregation!

39
Q

Why are there 3 uses of the Regulated Secretory Pathway?

A

Allows concentration and further processing of secretory proteins.
Also enables release in response to a trigger!

40
Q

Which of the following modifications do NOT occur in the Golgi?

A

N- linked glycosylation

41
Q

What label tells the cell to deliver Acid Hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

42
Q

What is an example of constitutive exocytosis?

A

Release of the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix

43
Q

To which amino acid are sugars attached during N-linked glycosylation?

A

Asparagine!

44
Q

What is the pH of the lumen of the lysosome?

A

5

45
Q

What peroxisomal enzyme causes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H202) into water and oxygen?

A

Catalase

46
Q

What coat protein mediates the BUDDING of vesicles during Endocytosis?

A

Clathrin!

47
Q

Which of the following organelles would a lysosomal hydrolase NOT pass through?

A

Early endosomes

48
Q

Steroid hormone secreting cells have the following characteristics…

A

Well developed SMOOTH ER and Golgi and an abundance of mitochondria and free lipid

49
Q

During N-linked glycosylation sugars are added to the amino acid …
A 14 sugar oligosaccharide is preassembled on a special lipid molecule called… and is transferred to the elongating peptide by the enzyme … which is attached to the … side of the ER membrane.

A

Asparagine
Phosphodolichol / dolichol
Transferase
Luminal / lumen

Cell Biology (10 decks)

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