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Cell Biology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

During depolarisation…

A

Na+ enters the cell

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2
Q

Na+ channels CLOSE and K+ channels open in…

A

Repolarisation

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3
Q

What cell insulates the axon of some nerve cells?

A

Schwann Cell

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4
Q

The sarcolemma of a muscle fibre is…

A

Cell membrane

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5
Q

Actin, myosin, ATP and Ca2+ are essential for…

A

Muscle contraction

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6
Q

What relays electrical stimulation?

A

Gap Junctions

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7
Q

List the series of events in an Action Potential.

A
  1. Initial local stimulus
  2. Threshold potential reached
  3. Depolarisation
  4. RE-polarisation
  5. Hyperpolarisation
  6. Return to RESTING potential
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8
Q

Which type of muscle is spontaneously stimulated?

A

Cardiac Muscle - due to pacemaker! (Sinoatrial node)

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9
Q

Myofibrils are made up of…

A

Myofilaments

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10
Q

Desmosomes link cells…

A

Mechanically!

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11
Q

Describe the process of SMOOTH muscle contraction.

And what happens to the calcium to get rid of it?

A

Receptor causes calcium channel to open + calcium is released.
Calcium binds to Calmodulin (NO TROPONIN- same process though) = calcium-calmodulin complex.
Binds to myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) = to create an active complex!
Interaction with this complex + ATP leads to phosphorylation and enables Actin and Myosin to interact!
Leads to the Cross- Bridge Cycle.

Calcium is then pumped back OUT so smooth muscle can relax via ATP-Calcium Pump (same as skeletal + cardiac muscle!)

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12
Q

Describe the conductance of an action potential.

A

Concentration of EXTRAcellular sodium is greater than the concentration of INTRAcellular sodium. This means that sodium enters the cell. The membrane potential increases!

The concentration of potassium INSIDE the cell is greater than outside the cell. Potassium leaves the cell, membrane potential decreases!

Concentration of chloride OUTSIDE the cell is greater than inside. Chloride moves into the cell and membrane potential decreases!

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13
Q

What is a gap between neurones called?

A

A synapse

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14
Q

What is the Threshold potential?

A

-50mv (resting potential is -70mv)

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15
Q

Match the motor proteins (Dyneins, Kinesins, Myosins) to their cytoskeletal elements.

A

Actin filaments - myosins

Microtubules - kinesins and dyneins

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16
Q

Describe the activities of myosin, ATP and phosphate that lead to the power stroke.

A
  1. Myosin head bound to actin filament
  2. Myosin binds ATP
  3. Myosin releases actin
  4. ATP hydrolysed
  5. Myosin head changes shape to move forward
  6. Phosphate released and myosin reattaches to actin
  7. ADP released and conformation change (power stroke)

Cell Biology (10 decks)

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