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Cell Biology > Mitochondria + The Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Mitochondria + The Cytoskeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

In the electron transport chain, electrons pass through a series of complexes with increasing…
This transfer is energetically… and the extra energy is used to pump … into the …

A

Electron affinity
Favourable
H+
Intermembrane Space

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2
Q

What had the highest electron affinity?

A

Oxygen!

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3
Q

What is the pH of the mitochondrial matrix?
What is the ph of the intermembrane space?
What does this difference result in?

A

8
7
Electrochemical gradient

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4
Q

An enzymatic complex called… found in the… membrane of the mitochondria forms a hydrophilic path through which… can flow.
The direction of flow is from… to the … which is down concentration gradient = energetically favourable!
The transmembranous domain of the complex is forced to… rather like a …
As an attached stalk grinds against the enzymatic head the… energy is converted to…

A 
ATP Synthase 
Inner
H+
Intermembrane space 
Matrix
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5
Q

Which process does NOT require an electrochemical gradient?

A

Export of CO2 from mitochondria

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6
Q

Where are mitochondrial proteins synthesised?

A

In the cytoplasm

In the mitochondrial matrix

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7
Q

Name the 3 types of cytoskeletal element in Oder of size.

A

Actin filament
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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8
Q

What are the main roles of actin, IF and microtubules?

A

Actin - cell shape and motility
Intermediate filaments - mechanical support
Microtubules - organelle positioning and intracellular transport

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9
Q

True or false: Intermediate Filament Monomers are globular.

A

FALSE

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10
Q

Typically microtubules are attached to 1 point within a cell what is this called?

A

MTOC - microtubule organising centre.

In animal cells this is known as the centromere!

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11
Q

True or false:

Monomers are added to the filaments of the cytoskeleton by covalent interactions.

A

FALSE

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12
Q

Within the cytoskeleton what is the concentration at which the rate of monomer addition EQUALS the rate of removal known as?

A

The critical concentration

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13
Q

Microtubules and Actin filaments have fast growing and slow growing end.
Name the 2 mechanisms by which this is achieved.

A

Nucleotide Hydrolysis

Conformation Change

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14
Q

Name 1 toxin or drug which affects the assembly or disassembly of the cytoskeleton.

A

Taxol

Phalloidin

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15
Q

What are examples of cytoskeletal Motor Proteins?

A

Kinesin
Dynein
Myosin

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16
Q

What is the structure with globular heads each end and a small bare section in the middle known as?
What is the middle but called?

A

Myosin THICK Filament

Bare Zone

17
Q 
Myosin head bound to… 
Myosin binds…
… releases actin
ATP…
Myosin head … to move forwards 
… released and myosin… to actin
ADP released and … (power stroke)
A 
Actin filament 
ATP
Myosin 
Hydrolysed 
Changes shape
Phosphate, reattaches
Conformation change
18
Q

When Kinesins move along microtubules what causes the Trailing Head to be thrown forward?

A

ATP binding to leading head!

19
Q

When kinesins move along microtubules (AFTER trailing head has been thrown forward) what enables the NEW trailing head to be released?

A

ATP hydrolysis by the NEW trailing head

20
Q

Name 2 organelles held in position by the actions of Motor Proteins on microtubules.

A

Golgi Apparatus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

21
Q

Cytoskeletal elements are central to cell motility! What forms of motility are actin and microtubules used for in the body?

A

Actin - muscle contraction + cell crawling + Microvilli in the gut

Microtubules - flagella and cilia

22
Q

The T- antigen protein of SV40 virus contains the AA sequence
Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val
What is this sequence called?

A

Nuclear Localisation Sequence

23
Q

Typically microtubules are attached to 1 point in the cell what is it called?

A

MTOC / Centromere

24
Q

Peroxisome numbers increase by… and reduce by…

A

Fission

Fusion

25
Q

The mechanism by which proteins enter the nucleus requires cargo protein being transported to possess a… which is recognised by the carrier protein known as the…
This cargo protein - …. complex binds to the… on the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear … and the complex is transported into nucleus.

A 
Nuclear Localisation Signal
Nuclear import receptor 
Nuclear import receptor 
Fibrils
Pore
26
Q

In eukaryotic cells, where does the Citric Acid (Krebs) cycle occur?

A

The mitochondrial matrix!

27
Q

Where would Translation occur in a liver cell?

A

Mitochondria AND cytoplasm!

28
Q

In the cytoplasm, what triggers the conversion of Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP?

A

Ran-GAP (Ran-GTPase activating protein)

29
Q

Along which cytoskeletal element is the majority of secretory vesicles transported?

A

Microtubules!

30
Q

Where is the mitochondrial electron transport chain located?

A

In the INNER membrane

31
Q

Which cytoskeletal filaments and motor proteins are involved in muscle contraction?

A

Actin filaments + Myosins

Cell Biology (10 decks)

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