The Nose Flashcards
What are the 4 functions of the nose and nasal cavity?
Smell- olfaction (olfactory much out membrane),
Route for inspired air,
Filters, warms and moistens inspired air (resp, mucous membrane),
Resonating chamber for speech.
Where does the ET open? What is the floor of the nasal cavity? What is the vestibule lined with?
Nasopharynx, hard and soft palate,
skin, sebaceous glands and hair
What is the external nose made of? Where do you apply pressure to a nose bleed?
Nasal bone (root) an cartilage (bridge)- apply pressure to the bridge
What is the most commonly fractured bone in the face?
Nasal bone
What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?
Roof= frontal, nasal, sphenoid, crista galli on cribiform plate. Floor= hard (maxilla and palatine) and soft palate. Lat= maxilla, turbinates. Med= nasal septum= nasal cartilage, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid
What is a septal haematoma? How do you treat? Common/rare?
Cartilaginous part of septum gets blood from overlying perichondrium. Trauma -> buckling of septum and shearing of vessels.
Refer to ENT. Blood accumulates between perichondrium and cartilage.
Drain + aspirate blood, pack perichondrium against septum
Quite rare.
What can an untreated septal haematoma lead to?
Saddle nose deformity of dorsum of nose- avascular necrosis of septum. Infection can also collect in haematoma increasing change of necrosis
What are 2 functions of conchae?
Slow air flow,
Increase s.a for air to pass over
What type of epithelia in resp mucous membrane? What are its 3 functions?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
Warms, humidifies and filters air.
Where does the nasal cavity receive drainage from?
Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
General sensation to the nasal cavity…
Trigeminal
What is a nasal polyp? Uni/bilateral? What do they look like? Age?
Fleshy, benign swelling arising from nasal mucosa. Usually bilateral. Pale/yellow or fleshy and reddened.
>40 yrs
What are the symptoms of nasal polyps? How are unilateral treated? How do you treat polyps?
Blocked nose and watery rhinorrhoea, post nasal drip, deceased smell and tastes.
Unilateral +/- blood stains, treated as cancer until proven otherwise.
Treat polyps with nasal spray
C.f turbinate, how do polyps feel?
Mobile, not painful
What is rhinitis? Symptoms? Causes?
Inflam of nasal mucosa.
Nasal congestion, rhionrrhea, sneezing, nasal irrigation, post nasal drip.
Acute nfective rhinitis(common cold), allergic rhinitis
What is the blood supply to the nose? Why is it rich? Anastomoses where?
Via opthalmic (ant and post ethmoid) and maxillary (sphenopalatine) arteries. Rich to warm and humidify air. Anastomoses at Kiesselbach's area
What is the venous drainage of the nose?
Into cavernous sinus, facial vein and pterygoid plexus.
Where is the most common source of epistaxis? Where less common?
Opthalmic artery (ant and post ethmoid) from Kiesselbach's area. 5% from spehoplaltine. Harder to treat
What are the paranasal sinuses? Are they present from birth? Which epithelia?
Air filled spaces- extensions of the nasal cavity. Rudimentary at birth.
Resp ciliated mucus producing epithelia
What do the paranasal sinuses do? Where do they drain? Which most commonly effected in infections?
Help humidify and warm air, decrease weight of skull.
Drain into nasal cavity via Ostia.
Maxillary= sinusitis
What are the important anatomical relationships of sinuses?
Roots of upper teeth into maxillary, orbit (lacrimal and conjunctiva), ant cranial fossa (frontal sinus and ethmoid air cells)
What is acute sinusitis? Symptoms? What two things make it more likely?
Acute inflam of lining of sinuses lasting less than 4 weeks, often secondary to cold.
Non resolving cold/flu symptoms, pyrexia, rhinorrhea, headache/facial pain worse on leaning forward.
Plugs/deviated septum increase risk
How do you treat acute sinusitis? What bacteria may breed?
Usually self limiting- symptomatic. Antibiotics for sever/prolonged.
Reduced ciliary functions, reduced drainage, mucous is breeding site for strep or haemophillus
What nerve supplies ant portion of nasal cavity and most paranasal sinuses?
Opthalmic
What nerve supplies post nasal cavity? +which sinus?
Maxillary + maxillary sinus
What is contained in Waldeyer’s Ring?
Palatine tonsils x2,
Adenoids,
Lingual tonsils,
Tubal tonsils x2
What is Waldeyer’s Ring?
Ring of lymphoid tissue surrounding naso and oropharynx. 1st line of defence against microbes from nasal and oral routes
