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H and N ESA4 > The Ear > Flashcards

The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is otalgia?

A

Ear pain

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2
Q

Which bone of the skull houses the ear?

A

Temporal bone

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3
Q

What does the external ear contain?

A

Pinna, external auditory meatus and lat. surface tympanic membrane

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4
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Collect, transmit and focus sounds waves onto tympanic membrane

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5
Q

What is Ramsay hunt syndrome?

A

Shingles of the facial nerve- affects sensory ganglion causing facial nerve palsy and eye drop

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6
Q

What is a pinna haematoma? How do you treat? What can happen if not?

A

Secondary to blunt trauma to the pinna. Accumulation of blood between cartilage and perichondrium- avascular cartilage deprived of blood supply and pressure necrosis of the tissue. Prompt drainage for reapposition of the two layers, prevent re-accumulation of get CAULIFLOWER EAR-> fibrosis and new asymmetrical cartilage

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7
Q

How do you examine EAM/ear canal?

A

Pull ear up and back (sigmoid shaped), skin lined

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8
Q

What is the EAM made of?

A

Outer 1/3 cartilage, inner 2/3 bony

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9
Q

What is the function of hairs and wax in the ear canal?

A

Prevents objects entering deep, aids desquamation and skin migration out of canal so epithelia renews, wax removed too

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10
Q

How long is the ear canal?

A

2.5 cm

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11
Q

What is Ottitis externa?

A

Infection and inflam of ear canal e.g swimmers ear. V painful. Cant really see TM, may get discharge

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12
Q

What does a healthy TM look like?

A

Pearly, translucent fibrous membrane

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13
Q

What 2 abnormalities might you seen on a TM?

A

Perforation, budging secondary to ottitis media

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14
Q

What is the middle ear made up of? Which bone is it in?

A

Ossicles- malleus, incus, stapes (MIS).
Air filled cavity between TM and inner ear.
Petrous part of the temporal bone

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15
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A

Amplify vibrations from TM to cochlea via oval window

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16
Q

What is the function of the ET?

A

Equilibriates pressure in middle ear with that of the atmosphere. Ventilated and drains mucus too

17
Q

What is ottitis media with effusion? How does it affect hearing? How do you treat?

A

“Glue ear”- NOT AN INFECTION- a build up of negative pressure in the middle ear due to ET dysfunction. Can predispose to infection.
Mobility of TM and ossicles decreased.
Resolve or grommets.

18
Q

What does glue ear look like?

A

Retracted and TM looks straw like

19
Q

What is ottitis media? Who is it more common in? How does it present? What does it look like?

A

Acute middle ear infection.
More common in children- tug at ear, temp.
Red and bulging

20
Q

Why are kids more susceptible to middle ear infections?

A

ET shorter and more horizontal than adults, easier passage of infection from nasopharynx to middle ear. Tube can block more easily compromising drainage and Ventilation

21
Q

Name 4 complications of ottitis media?

A

TM perforation, facial nerve involvement, mastoiditis, IC- meningitis, sigmoid sinus thrombosis, brain abscess

22
Q

What is the important anatomical relationship of the TC, where can infection spread to?

A

Relationship with mastoid bone, can spread to mastoid air cells

23
Q

What is mastoiditis? Signs and symptoms? Treat?

A

Mastoid air cells (comm with middle ear) to help equilibrate pressure in middle ear infected. Ear pushed forward, red and swollen behind. Urgent hospital referral.

24
Q

How may the facial nerve be involved in middle ear pathology?

A

Chords tympani branch esp runs through middle ear cavity

25
Q

What is cholesteatoma? What causes it>

A

Painless ear discharge (otorrhea).
Usually secondary to chronic/ reoccuring ear infection/ blocked ET.
Skin cells get trapped, collect and grow in pocket, not malignant, expands and erodes eg ossicles, chochlea, mastoid

26
Q

What do you seen when looking at the TM in Cholesteatoma?

A

Ear drum sucked in (-ve pressure) and crusting in the attic

27
Q

What is the inner ear made up of? What do the parts do?

A 
Vestibular apparatus (3 semicircular canals) and cochlear.
Vestibular apparatus- Maintains sense of balance an position.
Cochlear converts vibrations -> a.p's -> sound perception.
28
Q

What is the cochlea? How do it allow hearing? What type of hearing loss is seen if affected?

A

Fluid filled organ of hearing. Movement at oval window (when stapes vibrates) causes movement of fluid in cochlea. Fluid waves move SS cells in cochlea which fir a.p’s.
Sensorineural

29
Q

How do we hear?

A
  1. Stapes vibrates at oval window.
  2. Cochlear fluid moves, sensed by nerve cells in cochlear duct (spiral organ of Corti).
  3. Movement of R’s on organ -> a.p in CNXIII -> brain
30
Q

What does the vestibular apparatus contain? What does it do?

A

Semicircular canals, saccule, utricle.

Fluid filled series of channels and sacs that respond to position, rotation and maintain our balance

31
Q

What 3 pathologies can be caused if the vestibular apparatus isnt working>

A

Vertigo (room spinning), Menniere’s disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (vertigo when change head position)

32
Q

What is an acoustic neuroma? What are the symptoms?

A

Rare, benign tumour of schwann cells of vestibulocochear nerve. Unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, balance problems.

33
Q

What is the link between ear infections and adenoids? Treatment?

A

Adenoids in nasopharynx, may block opening of ET is large. Impede ventilation and drainage of middle ear -> glue ear and infection. Remove them.

34
Q

What is the link between sore throats and ear pain?

A

Infection spread to middle ear via ET (ottitis media). Shared sensory innervation of oropharynx with inner TM and middle ear (CN9).

35
Q

What is Rinne’s test? What is normal? How does sensorineural and conductive hearing los present?

A

Tuning fork behind ear on mastoid process, when cant hear put in front.
Normal= +ve- AC>BC
Sensorineural= AC>BC
Conductive= BC>AC

36
Q

What is Webber’s test? What is normal? How does sensorineural and conductive hearing los present?

A

Tuning fork on head- should not be heard or be hear equally.
Conductive= towards effected ear louder
Sensorineural= away from affected ear- quieter

H and N ESA4 (23 decks)

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