The New Human Agenda Flashcards
Drift in mind
/drɪft/
Phrase:
A thought, idea, or memory is coming to their mind in a gentle or unforced manner (به ذهن خطور کردن).
“As I walked through the park, the idea of starting my own garden drifted in my mind”.
Remnant
/ˈrem.nənt/
Noun:
Remaining, a part or quantity that is left after the greater part has been used, removed, or destroyed (باقی‌مانده، بقیه).
“The bogs are an endangered remnant of a primeval landscape”.
Adjective:
Remaining (باقی‌مانده).
“Remnant strands of hair”.
Barbed wire
/ˌbɑːrbd ˈwaɪr/
Noun:
Wire with clusters of short, sharp spikes set at short intervals along it, used to make fences or in warfare as an obstruction (سیم‌خاردار).
“A barbed wire fence”.
Wrinkle
Noun:
A slight line or fold in something, especially fabric or the skin of the face (چین و چروک).
“She smoothed out the wrinkles from her skirt”.
A clever innovation, or useful piece of information or advice (رهنمود، نوآوری هوشمندانه، توصیه).
“Learning the wrinkles from someone more experienced saves time”.
Verb:
Make or cause lines or folds in (something, especially fabric or the skin) (چروک کردن).
“His hands and face were wrinkled by age”.
Agenda
/əˈdʒen.də/
Noun:
A list of items to be discussed at a formal meeting (دستور جلسه).
“The question of nuclear weapons had been removed from the agenda”.
A plan of things to be done or problems to be addressed (دستور کار).
“He vowed to put jobs at the top of his agenda”.
The underlying intentions or motives of a particular person or group (هدف شخصی، برنامه‌ی شخصی، نقشه‌ی خاص خود).
“Miller has his own agenda and it has nothing to do with football”.
NORTH AMERICAN
An appointment diary (دفتر قرارها، دفتر برنامه‌ریزی).
Integral
/ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡrəl/
Adjective:
Necessary to make a whole complete; essential or fundamental (اساسی، بنیادی، جز ضروری برای کامل کردن چیزی).
“Games are an integral part of the school’s curriculum”.
MATHEMATICS
Of or denoted by an integer (عدد صحیح).
Noun:
A function of which a given function is the derivative, i.e. which yields that function when differentiated, and which may express the area under the curve of a graph of the function (انتگرال).
Rein
A long, narrow strap attached at one end to a horse’s bit, used to guide or check a horse riding or driving.
Keep under control; restrain.
Incomprehensible
/ɪnˌkɑːm.prəˈhen.sə.bəl/
Adjective:
Not able to be understood; not intelligible (مبهم، غیر قابل ادراک، نامفهوم).
“A language which is incomprehensible to anyone outside the office”.
Shrug
/ʃrʌɡ/
Verb:
Raise (one’s shoulders) slightly and momentarily to express doubt, ignorance, or indifference (شانه بالا انداختن، بی‌اعتنایی نشان دادن).
“Jimmy looked inquiringly at Pete, who shrugged his shoulders”.
Inquiry
An act of asking for information.
پرس‌و‌جو، استعلام.
Calamity
A disaster.
Binge
Indulge in an activity, especially eating, drinking, or taking drugs, to excess.
عیاشی.
Drought
Noun:
A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water (خشک سالی، خشکی).
“The cause of Europe’s recent droughts”.
Hence, even though
Use to introduce two contrasting points or statements.
علی‌رغم این که.
Cosmic
Relating to the universe; inconceivably vast.
Unprecedented
/ʌnˈpres.ə.den.t̬ɪd/
Adjective:
Never done or known before (بی‌سابقه، بی‌مانند).
“The emphasis has been on shaping bold solutions to save lives and livelihoods in these unprecedented times”.
——————
Precedent:
(Noun)
نمونه، سابقه.
(Adjective)
با سابقه، سابقه‌دار.
Ingenuity
/ˌɪn.dʒəˈnjuː.ə.t̬i/
Noun:
The quality of being clever, original, and inventive (نبوغ، قوه‌ی ابتکار).
“Considerable ingenuity must be employed in writing software”.
Outrageous
Shockingly bad or excessive.
Callous
Showing or having an insensitive and cruel disregard for others.
بی‌عاطفه، بی‌احساس.
To scrape a living
/skreɪp/
Phrase:
To only just earn enough money to provide yourself with food, clothing, and a place to live (زندگی بخور و نمیر داشتن، با مشقت امرار معاش کردن).
“He settled in Paris, where he scraped a living writing short stories and magazine articles”.
Succumb
/səˈkʌm/
Verb:
Fail to resist pressure, temptation, or some other negative force (مغلوب شدن، از پای در آمدن، تسلیم شدن).
“We cannot merely give up and succumb to despair”.
Die from the effect of a disease or injury (تلف شدن).
“After a few blows there, the porcupine succumbs”.
Malnutrition
Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat.
Wheat
گندم.
Crop
-A cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable. (محصول، کِشته)
- Cut (something, especially a person’s hair) very short. (اصلاح)
-Cut something very short.
Herd
/hɝːd/
Noun:
A large group of animals, especially hoofed mammals, that live together or are kept together as livestock (گله، رمه).
“A herd of elephants”.
Verb:
(With reference to a group of people or animals) move in a group (گله‌ای حرکت کردن).
“They were herded into a bus”.
Keep or look after (livestock) (گله‌داری کردن، چوپانی کردن، شبانی کردن).
“They live by herding reindeer”.
A collective level
Indicate that an action or event affects a group of people rather than an individual.
Provision
The action of providing or supplying something for use.
تدارکات.
Scarce
/skers/
Adjective:
(Especially of food, money, or some other resource) insufficient for the demand (کمیاب، نادر، نایاب).
“As raw materials became scarce, synthetics were developed”.
Phrase:
Make oneself scarce — leave a place, especially so as to avoid a difficult situation (پا پس کشیدن، از میدان در رفتن، ترک محل کردن).
“I could see he was annoyed so I made myself scarce”.
Soar
- Fly or rise high in the air.
- Maintain height in the air without flapping wings or using engine power.
- increase rapidly above the usual level.
Wretched
- (of a person) in a very unhappy or unfortunate state.
- Of poor quality; very bad.
Appease
Satisfy a demand or a feeling.
Flay
/fleɪ/
Verb:
Strip the skin off (a corpse or carcass) (پوست کندن).
“The captured general was flayed alive”.
Criticize severely and brutally (به باد انتقاد گرفتن).
“He flayed the government for not moving fast enough on economic reform”.
Dung
سرگین، پِهِن.
Heap
/hiːp/
Noun:
An untidy collection of objects placed haphazardly on top of each other (پشته، کپه، توده).
“A heap of cardboard boxes”.
A large amount or number of (خروار، فراوان).
“We have heaps of room”.
Adverb:
A great deal (خیلی، بسیار، زیاد).
“‘How do you like Maggie?’ ‘I like you heaps better!’”
Verb:
Put (objects or a loose substance) in a heap (تلنبار کردن).
“She heaped logs on the fire”.
Direct a great deal of praise, abuse, criticism, etc. at (someone or something) (حجم زیادی از چیزی را نثار کردن/روانه کردن/متمرکز کردن/هدایت کردن).
“She heaped praise on the public for its generosity as charity donations continued to pour in”.
Ox (oxen)
گاو نر (جمع: گاوهای نر).
Offal
- The internal organs of an animal used as food.
- Waste material.
- شکمبه. ضایعات.
Nettle
گزنه.
Harvest
/ˈhɑːr.vəst/
Noun:
The process or period of gathering in crops (برداشت، درو).
“Farmers work longer hours during the harvest”.
Verb:
Gather (a crop) as a harvest (درو کردن، خرمن کردن).
“After harvesting, most of the crop is stored in large buildings”.
Granary
/ˈɡræn.ɚ.i/
Noun:
A storehouse for threshed grain (انبار غله، سیلو).
An area where a lot of grain is grown (کشتزار غله).
“Punjab, the granary of India”.
Exorbitant
(Of a price or amount charged) unreasonably high.
گزاف، مفرط.
Hoard
A stack or store of money or valued objects.
احتکار. اندوخته. گنجینه.
Drove
A herd or flock of animals (past tense of drive).
رمه، گله.
Dally
/ˈdæl.i/
Act or move slowly (وقت را به بازی گذراندم، وقت تلف کردن، فس‌فس کردن، به بطالت گذراندن).
“She’d dallied upstairs long enough to put on a little make-up”.
Have a casual romantic or sexual liaison with (لاس زدن، هوس بازی جنسی).
Liaison
A sexual relationship, especially one that is secret or illicit.
Fast (on a religious holiday)
Abstain from food or drink for a religious observance.
روزه گرفتن.
Wonder diet
A diet based on the healthy eating pyramid and follows the Australian dietary guidance. this is a very serious weight-loss diet.
On end
- Continue without it stopping for a specified period of time.
- In an upright position.
مداوم. قائم.
Morsel
A small piece or amount of food; a mouthful.
لقمه.
Only too well (idiom)
[Only too (something)]
It means that something is true or exists to much greater extent than you would expect or like.
[very or completely]
Alas
Used to express grief, pity, or concern (archaic).
افسوس، متاسفانه.
Deliver (from something bad)
Save, rescue, or set somebody or something free from. (Deliver us from famine)
مصون داشتن، حفاظت کردن.
Scheme
A large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining a particular object or putting a particular idea into effect.
طرح و برنامه بزرگ.
Devastate
- Destroy or ruin. (نابود)
- Cause (someone) severe and overwhelming shock or grief. (درماندگی، درمانده)
Starch
نشاسته. آهار زدن.
Stalk
- Stem (ساقه).
- Pursue or approach stealthily, trail, follow. harass or persecute (someone) with unwanted and obsessive attention (تعقیب، دنبال کردن، کنه شدن), stalker (شکارچی).
Byword
A person or thing cited as a notable and outstanding example or embodiment of something; perfect example of.
نمونه، الگو.

Convene
/kənˈviːn/
Verb:
Come or bring together for a meeting or activity; assemble (دور هم جمع کردن، گردآمدن).
“He had convened a secret meeting of military personnel”.
Delegate
/ˈdel.ə.ɡət/
Noun:
A person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular an elected representative sent to a conference, representative (نماینده، وکیل).
Verb:
Entrust (a task or responsibility) to another person, typically one who is less senior than oneself, assign, entrust (منصوب کردن، سپردن، تفویض کردن، وکالت دادن)
——————
Delegation: هیئت نمایندگان، نمایندگی، وکالت.
Treat
- Behave (رفتار کردن).
- Present or discuss (a subject), deal with (بحث کردن).
- Give medical care or attention (درمان کردن یا شدن).
Privation
- A state in which food and other essentials for well-being are lacking; hardship, poverty, deprivation.
محرومیت، فقدان و سختی.
To the letter (phrase)
- Do exactly what you have been told to do, precisely, exactly. (مو به مو).
- Giving great attention to every detail (ریز بینی).
Lettuce
کاهو.
Ghetto
A poor urban area occupied primarily by minority group or groups (زاغه‌نشین، حلبی‌آباد).
- The Jewish quarter in a city (محله‌ی کلیمی‌ها).
Gorge
/ɡɔːrdʒ/
Noun:
A narrow valley between hills or mountains, typically with steep rocky walls and a stream running through it, ravine, canyon (گلوگاه، گردنه، باریکه‌ی بین دو کوه).
ARCHAIC
The throat (حلق).
Verb:
Eat a large amount of food greedily (پرخوری، لمباندن).
Obesity
The condition of being very fat or overweight (چاقی).
Opp: emaciation, anorexia.
Bustling
Full of activity (of a place).
شلوغ.
Ceaseless
Constant and unending.
دائمی، پیوسته.
Pilgrim
[Pilgrimage]
A person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons (زائر).
[A pilgrim’s journey (زیارت)]
Bedrock
The fundamental principles on which something is based (شالوده، اساس)
Breeding ground
An area where animals habitually breed; cradle, nest.
محل جفت‌گیری حیوانات.
Consequently
As a result.
در نتیجه
Erupt
- (of a volcano) become active and eject lava, ash, and gases (فوران).
Break out suddenly and dramatically (وقوع ناگهانی).
Swoop
- (especially of a bird) move rapidly downwards through the air; dive, descend (شیرجه زدن پرندگان).
- Carry out a sudden attack, especially in order to make a capture or arrest, raid (هجوم).
Outbreak
A sudden occurrence of something unwelcome, such as war or disease.
وقوع یا شیوع ناگهانی.
Flea
کک.
Flea market
A street market selling second-hand goods.
بازار دست‌فروشی.
Dwelling
/ˈdwel.ɪŋ/
Noun:
A house, flat, or other place of residence (مَسکن، سکونت‌گاه).
“The proposed dwelling is out of keeping with those nearby”.
Bacterium
Singular of bacteria.
Personify
represent (a quality or concept) by a figure in human form.
Attribute a personal nature or human characteristic to (something nonhuman). humanize.
شخصیت‌سازی، هویت‌دهی.
در فارسی آرایه‌ی تشخیص یا جان‌بخشی معادل مشتق همین کلمه یعنی personification می‌باشد.
Procession
/prəˈseʃ.ən/
Noun:
A number of people or vehicles moving forward in an orderly fashion, especially as part of a ceremony; March, parade (مشایعت، حرکت دسته جمعی، رژه).
“A funeral procession”.
The action of moving forward in an orderly way (پیش‌روی).
“The fully robed civic dignitaries walk in procession”.
A relentless succession of people or things (ترقی تصاعدی).
“Magistrates complain that they see a procession of recidivist minor offenders”.
Let alone
چه برسه به این که.
Malicious
بداندیش، معاندانه، دشمنانه، از روی عناد.
Readily
Adverb:
Without hesitation; willingly (با کمال میل، مشتاقانه).
without delay or difficulty; easily, with ease (به راحتی).
Culprit
A person who is responsible for a crime or other missdeed; guilty, offender (مقصر، مجرم، عامل).
“The car’s front nearside door had been smashed in but the culprits had fled”.
Minuscule
/ˈmɪn.ə.skjuːl/
Adjective:
Extremely small; tiny (ریزه میزه، ذره).
“A minuscule fragment of DNA”.
Of or in lower-case letters, as distinct from capitals or uncials (حروف کوچک).
Opp: majuscule.
Unbeknown
Without the knowledge of something; mysterious, undiscovered.
نامعلوم، ناشناخته.
Settler
A person who moves with a group of others to live in a new country or area; colonist, colonizer.
مستعمره‌گر.
Flotilla
/fləˈtɪl.ə/
Noun:
A small fleet of ships or boats (ناوگان کوچک).
“A flotilla of cargo boats”.
On someone’s person
Being carried by someone (همراه شخص داشتن).
“He was arrested for having a gun on his person without a permit”.
Smallpox
آبله.
Exponential (exponentially)
(of an increase) becoming more and more rapid; expanding.
تصاعد (تصاعدی)، افزایش.
Bitumen
قیر طبیعی، قیر معدنی.
Smear
Verb:
Coat or mark something Missily or carelessly with a greasy or a sticky substance (آغشتن، لکه کردن، اسپری کردن، پاشیدن).
“His face was smeared with dirt”.
damage the reputation of (someone) by false accusations; slander (افطرا)
“someone was trying to smear her by faking letters”.
Noun:
A mark or streak of a greasy or sticky substance (لکه، چرک).
“There was an oil smear on his jacket”.
Sore
Adjective:
(of a part of one’s body) painful or aching (دردناک، خارش).
“She had a sore throat”
Upset and angry (ناراحت و عصبانی).
“I didn’t even know they were sore at us”.
Noun:
A raw or painful place on the body; Swelling (ورم، آماس).
“All of us had sores and infections on our hands”.
Exploit
Verb:
Make full use of and derive benefit from a resource (استثمار، استخراج).
“500 companies sprang up to exploit this new technology”.
Make use of (a situation) in a way considered unfair or underhand; take advantage of (رانت‌خواری).
“The company was exploiting a legal loophole”.
Noun:
A bold or daring feat; adventure (ماجراجویی).
“Despite a series of colourful exploits, his agents obtained little intelligence of value”.
Measles
سرخک، سرخچه.
Tuberculosis
مرض سل.
Pathogen
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
عامل بیماری‌زا.
Subsequent
/ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/
Adjective:
Coming after something in time; following (متعاقب، در نتیجه‌ی، بعدی، به دنبال، پس از).
“The theory was developed subsequent to the earthquake of 1906”.
Virulent
بدخیم.
Strain
/streɪn/
Verb:
Force (a part of one’s body or oneself) to make an unusually great effort; struggle, damage, overwork (تقلا، کردن، زور زیادی زدن).
“I stopped and listened, straining my ears for any sound”.
Injure (a limb, muscle, or organ) by overexerting it (آسیب رساندن، صدمه دیدن).
“On cold days you are more likely to strain a muscle”.
Pull or push forcibly at something (چیزی را به زور کشیدن یا فشار دادن).
“The bear strained at the chain around its neck”.
Pour (a mainly liquid substance) through a porous or perforated device or material in order to separate out any solid matter (از صافی رد کردن، با صافی جامدات را از مایعات جدا کردن).
“Strain the custard into a bowl”
Cause liquid to drain off (food which has been boiled, soaked, or canned) by using a porous or perforated device (غذا را آبکش کردن).
“She turned to the sink to strain the noodles”.
Noun:
A force tending to pull or stretch something to an extreme or damaging degree (فشار یا کشش شدیدِ آسیب‌زننده).
“The usual type of chair puts an enormous strain on the spine”.
An injury to a part of the body caused by overexertion (آسیب، صدمه).
“He has a slight groin strain”.
A severe or excessive demand on the strength, resources, or abilities of someone or something (فشار بیش از حد).
“The accusations put a strain on relations between the two countries”.
The sound of a piece of music (صدای موسیقی، ملودی).
“The distant strains of the brass band grew louder”.
A particular breed, stock, or variety of an animal or plant; kind, type (نژاد، سویه، گونه).
Trench
/trentʃ/
Noun:
A long, narrow ditch (سنگر، خندق، کانال آب، شیار).
“Dig a trench around the perimeter of the fire”.
A long, narrow, deep depression in the ocean bed, typically one running parallel to a plate boundary and marking a subduction zone (درازگودال، شیار و خندق زیر اقیانوسی).
“The Marianas Trench”.
Hitherto
/ˌhɪð.ɚˈtuː/
Adverb:
Until now or until the point in time under discussion; so far (تا کنون، تا به حال، تا زمان مشخص مورد بحث).
“Hitherto part of French West Africa, Benin achieved independence in 1960”.
Munition
Military weapons, ammunition, equipment, and stores.
تسلیحات نظامی.
Grain
غله مانند گندم و حبوبات. دانه.
Rubber
کائوچو، لاستیک.
Laborer (labourer).
کارگر.
Susceptible
/səˈsep.tə.bəl/
Adjective:
Likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing (حساس و آسیب‌پذیر در برابر چیزی).
“Patients with liver disease may be susceptible to infection”.
Capable or admitting of (قابلِ، قابلیتِ).
“The problem is not susceptible of a simple solution” (این مشکل به سادگی قابل حل نیست).
“Children are much more susceptible to learning new languages than adults” (کودکان نسبت به بزرگ‌سالان از قابلیت بسیار بیشتری برای فراگیری زبان‌های جدید برخوردارند).
Epidemiology
همه‌گیرشناسی، علم امراض مسری.
Swine
A pig.
Spiral out of control
/ˈspaɪr.əl/
Phrase:
Change very quickly and in an uncontrolled way (قاراشمیش شدن، درهم برهم شدن).
“The project spiraled out of control, running $300 million over budget”.
Death toll
/ˈdeθ ˌtoʊl/
Noun:
The number of deaths resulting from a particular cause (آمار تلفات، شمار کشته‌شدگان).
“This brought the death toll from cross-border clashes to eighteen”.
——————
Toll: عوارض جاده‌ای، باج، خراج، آمار، شمار، فشار، عوارض، بار سنگین.
Debilitate [debilitating]
Verb:
Make (someone) very weak and infirm (ناتوان کردن).
“He was severely debilitated by a stomach upset”.
[adjective:
(Of a disease or condition) making someone very weak and infirm (ناتوان کننده، توان‌ربا).
“Debilitating back pain”.]
Devious
Adjective:
showing a skilful use of underhand tactics to achieve goals (فریبنده، فریبکار، مکار).
“He’s as devious as a politician needs to be”.
(of a route or journey) longer and less direct than the most straightforward way (بی‌راهه، غیرمستقیم).
“They arrived at the town by a devious route”.
Ostensibly
/ɑːˈsten.sə.bli/
Adverb:
As appears or is stated to be true, though not necessary so; apparently (ظاهرا).
“The party secretary resigned, ostensibly from ill health”.
Evident
Adjective:
Clearly seen or understood; obvious (مشهود، بدیهی، آشکار).
“She ate the biscuits with evident enjoyment”.
Halt
/hɑːlt/
Verb:
Bring or come to an abrupt stop; sudden stop (متوقف کردن).
“There is growing pressure to halt the bloodshed”.
Noun:
A suspension of movement or activity, typically a temporary one (توقف، درنگ، ایست).
“A halt in production”.
——————
Halting: لنگان، مرددانه، نامطمئن.
Abrupt
Adjective:
Sudden and unexpected (ناگهانی، غیرمنتظره).
“I was surprised by the abrupt change of subject”.
Brief to the point of rudeness; curt (خلاصه و بی‌ادبانه).
“You were rather abrupt with that young man”.
Steep; precipitous (شیب تند).
“The abrupt double peak”.
Proportion
/prəˈpɔːr.ʃən/
Noun:
A part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole; part, portion (نسبت، تناسب).
“The proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is rising”.
Dimensions; size (ابعاد، اندازه).
“The room, despite its ample proportions, seemed too small for him”.
The correct, attractive, or ideal relationship between one thing and another or between the parts of a whole (ترکیب‌بندی، کمپوزسیون، ترکیب متناسب).
“Perceptions of colour, form, harmony, and proportion”.
Verb:
FORMAL
Adjust or regulate (something) so that it has a particular or suitable relationship to something else (متناسب کردن، متقارن کردن).
“A life after death in which happiness can be proportioned to virtue”.
Surpass [surpassing]
Verb:
Exceed; be greater than (پیشی‌گرفتن).
“Pre-war levels of production were surpassed in 1929”.
Be better than (برتر شدن از، پیشی‌گرفتن از).
“He continued to surpass me at all games”.
Do or be better than ever before (بهتر شدن یا بودن از قبل).
“The organist was surpassing himself”.
[adjective:
Incomparable or outstanding (فراتر از، فوق‌العاده).
“A picture of surpassing beauty”.]
Horrendous
Adjective:
Extremely unpleasant, horrifying, or terrible (دهشتناک، مهیب، وحشتناک).
“She suffered horrendous injuries”.
Horrendous toll
تلفات وحشتناک.
Disseminate
Verb:
Spread (something, especially information) widely (منتشر کردن، پراکندن).
“Health authorities should foster good practice by disseminating information”.
Depending on
according to.
بستگی دارد به.
Mere [merely]
Adjective:
used to emphasize how small or insignificant someone or something is (ناچیز).
“questions that cannot be answered by mere mortals”
used to emphasize that the fact of something being present in a situation is enough to influence that situation (صرفا، محض).
“his stomach rebelled at the mere thought of food”
[just, only].
Noun:
a lake or pond (دریا، مرداب).
Serendipity
The occurrence and development of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way; happy chance, lucky accident (نعمت غیرمترقبه، رویداد خوش‌یمن).
“A fortunate stroke of serendipity” (this expression means: happy accident or unexpected discovery that leads to a positive outcome).
Chance upon
To find something or meet someone by chance (ملاقات کسی یا یافتن چیزی به صورت شانسی).
“She chanced upon an original copy of the book in her grandfather’s attic.”
Accumulate
Verb:
Gather together or acquire an increasing number or quantity of (انباشتن).
“Investigators have yet to accumulate enough evidence”.
Gradually gather or acquire (a resulting whole) (به دست آوردن تدریجی).
“Her goal was to accumulate a huge fortune”.
Gather; build up (اندوختن).
“The toxin accumulated in their bodies”.
Bionics
the study of mechanical systems that function like living organisms or parts of living organisms; زیست مکانیک.
Hastily
with excessive speed or urgency; hurriedly (عجولانه، شتابان).
“maybe I acted too hastily”
Level at (level something at someone)
To aim something at someone.
“She picked up the gun and levelled it at me.”
Tip
Verb:
Give (someone) a sum of money as a reward for a service (انعام دادن).
“I tipped her five dollars”.
Overbalance so as to fall or turn over; (چپه کردن).
“The hay caught fire when the candle tipped over”.
Attach to or cover the end or extremity of (ملحق، پوشیده، حد نهایی).
“The peaks of the mountains were tipped with snow”.
Color (something) at its end or edge.
“The black outer feathers are tipped with white”.
Be or cause to be in a sloping position with one end or side higher than the other (کج کردن).
“I tipped my seat back, preparing myself for sleep”.
Cause (the contents of a container) to be emptied out by holding it at an angle (تخلیه مخزن با کج کردن آن).
“Sarah tipped the washing-up water down the sink”.
Strike or touch lightly (پرماس).
“I tipped his hoof with the handle of a knife”.
Noun:
The pointed or rounded end or extremity of something slender or tapering; نوک.
“George pressed the tips of his fingers together”.
A sum of money given to someone as a reward for a service (انعام).
“He never leaves a tip”.
A place where rubbish is left (خاک‌چال).
“a rubbish tip”.
A small but useful piece of practical advice (توصیه، نصیحت).
“Handy tips for decorating a small flat”.
Inherent
/ɪnˈhɪr.ənt/
Adjective:
Existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute (ذاتی، طبیعی، سرشتی، اصلی).
“Any form of mountaineering has its inherent dangers”.
Take something for granted
To assume something as true, real, unquestionable, or to be expected (بدیهی و واضح انگاشتن چیزی).
Govern
Rule, reign over, have control of.
Precarious
/prɪˈkɛːrɪəs/
Adjective:
not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or collapse (متزلزل).
“a precarious ladder”
dependent on chance; uncertain (بی‌ثبات، نامطمئن).
“he made a precarious living as a painter”.
Polity
/ˈpɑː.lə.t̬i/
Noun:
A form or process of civil government or constitution (طرز حکومت، سیستم سیاسی).
“The civic humanist’s* polity”.
*civic humanist: اومانیست مدنی.
An organized society; a state as a political entity*; nation, country (کشور، ملت، جامعه، انجمن، سازمان دولتی یا سیاسی یا مذهبی).
“The period in which West Germany was a distinct polity”.
*entity: ماهیت.
At each other’s throat
Arguing or fighting (یقه به یقه شدن).
Leave (left) some room for (idiom)
Leave some space or margin for something else to be included or considered.
جا برای چیزی گذاشتن، در نظر گرفتن احتمالات دیگر.
Arctic
/ˈɑːktɪk/
Adjective:
Relating to the regions around the North Pole (قطب شمالی).
“an Arctic explorer”
(Of weather conditions) very cold (یخبندان).
“February brought arctic conditions”
Noun:
The regions around the North Pole (شمالگان، قطب شمال).
A thick waterproof overshoe extending to the ankle or above (چکمه).
Rescind
/rɪˈsɪnd/
Verb:
Revoke, cancel, or repeal (a law, order, or agreement) (ملغا کردن، رد کردن، باطل کردن).
“The navy rescinded its ban on women sailors”.
Inconceivable
/ˌɪn.kənˈsiː.və.bəl/
Adjective:
Not capable of being imagined or grasped mentally; unbelievable (غیرممکن، غیرقابل باور، باور نکردنی).
“It seemed inconceivable that he had been unaware of what was going on”.
Immediate future
زمان پیش رو، آینده‌ی نزدیک.
Coltan
/ˈkɒlˌtæn/
Noun:
A dull metallic mineral which is a combination of columbite and tantalite and which is refined to produce tantalum (کُلتان، نوعی سنگ معدن).
Ore
/ɔː/
سنگ معدن، سنگ دارای فلز.
Commerce
Noun:
the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale (تجارت، بازرگانی).
Acquire
Verb:
Buy or obtain (an asset or object) for oneself (به دست آوردن، اندوختن).
“I managed to acquire all the books I needed”.
Learn or develop (a skill, habit, or quality) (فراگرفتن، مهارت‌ورزی).
“you must acquire the rudiments of Greek”.
Implausible
/ɪmˈplɔːzɪbl/
Adjective:
(of an argument or statement) not seeming reasonable or probable; failing to convince (غیرمنطقی، نامحتمل و ناممکن).
“this is a blatantly implausible claim”
Conceive
/kənˈsiːv/
[Conceivable
/kənˈsiː.və.bəl/]
Verb:
Create (an embryo) by fertilizing an egg (با لقاح تخمک جنین ایجاد کردن).
“She was conceived when her father was 49”.
(Of a woman) become pregnant (باردار شدن، حامله شدن).
“Five months ago Wendy conceived”.
Form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind (مجسم کردن، تخیل کردن).
“The dam project was originally conceived in 1977”.
Form a mental representation of; imagine (متصور شدن).
“Without society an individual cannot be conceived as having rights”.
[Adjective:
Capable of being imagined or grasped mentally (قابل تصور، باور کردنی، ممکن، محتمل).
“A mass uprising was entirely conceivable”.]
Foreseeable
Adjective:
Able to be foreseen or predicted (قابل پیش‌بینی).
Prevail
Verb:
prove more powerful or superior (چیره شدن).
“It is hard for logic to prevail over emotion”.
persuade (someone) to do something (متقاعد کردن).
“she was prevailed upon to give an account of her work”.
None-state actor
Noun:
an individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state (نقش‌آفرین غیردولتی، فرد موثر غیردولتی، فعال خصوصی).
Havoc
Noun:
Widespread destruction (ویرانی).
“The hurricane ripped through Florida causing havoc”.
Great confusion or disorder; chaos (سردرگمی، آشوب، هرج و مرج).
“If they weren’t at school they’d be wreaking havoc in the streets”.
Phrase:
play havoc with — completely disrupt (مختل کننده).
“shift work plays havoc with the body clock”.
Refinery
پالایشگاه، تصفیه‌خانه.
Cram
Verb:
Completely fill (a place or container) to the point of overflowing (سرریز کردن، چپاندن).
“The ashtray by the bed was crammed with cigarette butts”.
“It’s amazing how you’ve managed to cram everyone in”.
Study intensively over a short period of time just before an examination (خرخونی).
“Lectures were called off so students could cram for the semester finals”.
Incentive
Noun:
A thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something (مشوق).
“give farmers an incentive to improve their land”.
Qualm
/kwɑːm/
Noun:
An uneasy feeling of doubt, worry, or fear, especially about one’s own conduct; a misgiving (تردید، بیم و ابا، خودداری، اجتناب، پروا).
“Military regimes generally have no qualms about controlling the press”.
In essence
/ɪn ˈes.əns/
Phrase of essence:
Basically and without regard for peripheral details; fundamentally, basically (در اصل، در واقع).
“In detail the class system is complex but in essence it is simple”.
Spectacle
Noun
A visually striking performance or display (اجرای خیره‌کننده).
“The acrobatic feats make a good spectacle”.
(Feat: شاهکار).
An event or scene regarded in terms of its visual impact (نمایش، نمود).
“the spectacle of a city’s mass grief”
Phrases
Make a spectacle of oneself:
Draw attention to oneself by behaving in a ridiculous way in public (خود را مضحکه کردن).
“She was making a spectacle of herself with her childish outburst”.
Oblige
Verb:
Make (someone) legally or morally bound to do something (ملزم کردن).
“Doctors are obliged by law to keep patients alive while there is a chance of recovery”.
Do as (someone) asks or desires in order to help or please them (لطف کردن).
“Oblige me by not being sorry for yourself”
Be indebted or grateful (مدیون بودن).
“If you can give me a few minutes of your time I’ll be much obliged”.
Phrase:
Noblesse oblige — privilege entails responsibility (هرکه بامش بیش برفش بیشتر).
“The notion of noblesse oblige was part of the ethic of the country gentleman”
Orchestrate
Verb:
To plan and organize something carefully and sometimes secretly in order to achieve a desired result (arrange, organize, setup).
“The White House orchestrated a series of events to showcase the president on the global stage”.
Persecution
/ˌpɝː.səˈkjuː.ʃən/
Noun:
Hostility and ill-treatment, especially on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation or political beliefs (خصومت، آزار و اذیت، نزاع).
“Her family fled religious persecution”.
Persistent annoyance or harassment (شکنجه، بد رفتاری).
“His persecution at the hands of other students”.
Prosecution
/ˌprɒsɪˈkjuːʃn/
پیگرد یا تعقیب قانونی.
Budge
Verb:
Make or cause to make the slightest movement (جم خوردن، حرکت جزئی).
“the queue in the bank hasn’t budged”.
Change an opinion (تغییر عقیده).
“He wouldn’t budge on his decision”.
Buzzing
Adjective:
Making a low, continuous humming or murmuring sound (وزوزو).
“A buzzing fly”.
Full of excitement or activity (پر جنب و جوش).
“The Latvian capital combines winter charm with buzzing nightlife”.
noun:
A low, continuous humming or murmuring sound (وزوز).
“I remember buzzing in my ears”
Perpetuate
/pɚˈpetʃ.u.eɪt/
Verb:
Make (something) continue indefinitely (جاودانی ساختن، دائمی کردن).
“The confusion was perpetuated through inadvertence”
Age-old
Adjective:
Having existed for a very long time (قدیمی، کهنه، کهن).
“The age-old quest for knowledge”
Defeatist
Noun:
A person who expects or is excessively ready to accept failure (شکست‌طلب).
Adjective:
Demonstrating expectation or acceptance of failure (آماده‌ی شکست).
“we have a duty not to be so defeatist”.
Initiative
/ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.t̬ɪv/
Noun:
The ability to assess and initiate things independently; inventiveness (خلاقیت، ابتکار عمل، قریحه).
“Use your initiative, imagination, and common sense”
The power or opportunity to act or take charge before others do; advantage, upper hand (برتری، پیش‌قدمی، تقدم).
“Anti-hunting groups have seized the initiative in the dispute”
A fresh approach to something (رویکرد نو).
“A new initiative against car crime”.
Phrase:
on one’s own initiative
without being prompted by others (ابتکار و خلاقیت فردی).
“an activity in which the nurse acts on her own initiative”.
Novel
Noun:
رمان.
Adjective:
Interestingly new or unusual (بدیع، نو، جدید).
“He hit on a novel idea to solve his financial problems”.
Incidence
Noun:
The occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or other undesirable thing (حادثه).
“An increased incidence of cancer”.
The way in which the burden of a tax falls upon the population (فشار مالیاتی بر عوام).
“the entire incidence falls on the workers”.
Be bound to/for
Are used to express an unavoidable action (مصمم، قطعی). Be bound to is followed by a verb, be bound for by a noun.
“She’s bound to fail”.
Caught unaware
Phrase:
Something happens when you are not expecting it (غافل‌گیر شدن).
“Many were caught unawares by the health secretary’s announcement”.
Abundant
/əˈbʌnd(ə)nt/
Adjective:
Existing or available in large quantities; plentiful (فراوان، وافر).
“There was abundant evidence to support the theory”.
Having plenty of (پر، سرشار).
“The riverbanks were abundant in beautiful wild plants”.
Equilibrium
Noun:
A state of physical balance (تعادل، توازن).
“I stumbled over a rock and recovered my equilibrium”.
A calm state of mind (آرامش).
“His intensity could unsettle his equilibrium”.
Myriad
/ˈmɪr.i.əd/
Noun:
A countless or extremely great number of people or things (بی‌شمار، وافر).
“There’s a myriad of islands to explore”.
Adjective:
Countless or extremely great in number (بی‌نهایت).
“He gazed at the myriad lights of the city”.
Strive
/straɪv/
Verb:
Make great efforts to achieve or obtain something (کوشیدن، تلاش کردن).
“National movements were striving for independence”.
Struggle or fight vigorously (تقلا کردن و جنگیدن).
“Scholars must strive against bias”.
Object misery
The state of being extremely unhappy, poor, unsuccessful, etc (بدبختی مطلق).
Beastly
Adjective:
Very unpleasant; awful, horrible (وحشیانه، ناخوشایند).
“This beastly war”.
Time-honored
Adjective:
(Of a custom or tradition) respected or valued because it has existed for a long time (رسم و رسوم).
“The eldest son was named, in time-honoured fashion, after his father”.
Abject
/ˈæb.dʒekt/
Adjective:
(Of something bad) experienced or present to the maximum degree (هولناک، خوار، وحشتناک).
“His letter plunged her into abject misery”.
(Of a person or their behaviour) completely without pride or dignity; self-abasing (افتضاح، بدبختانه، سرافکنده).
“An abject apology”.
Manifest
/ˈmæn.ə.fest/
Adjective:
Clear or obvious to the eye or mind (مشخص، واضح، محقق).
“her manifest charm and proven ability”.
Verb:
Show (a quality or feeling) by one’s acts or appearance; demonstrate (نشان دادن، بروز دادن).
“Lizzy manifested signs of severe depression”.
Be evidence of; prove (اثبات کردن).
“Bad industrial relations are often manifested in strikes”.
Noun:
A document listing a ship’s contents, cargo, passengers, and crew, for the use of customs officers; a list of passengers or cargo in an aircraft (بیانیه، اعلامیه، بارنامه، لیست مسافران).
“Every passenger is manifested at the point of departure”.
——————
Manifestation: تبلور، متبلور شدن، مکاشفه، بروز و تجلی، نشانگان و علائم.
Contemporary
/kənˈtem.pə.rer.i/
Adjective:
living or occurring at the same time (هم‌زمان).
“The event was recorded by a contemporary historian”.
belonging to or occurring in the present (امروزی، مدرن، معاصر).
“The tension and complexities of our contemporary society”.
Noun:
A person or thing living or existing at the same time as another (هم‌عصر، هم‌دوره).
“He was a contemporary of Darwin”.
Declaration
Noun:
اعلامیه، اظهاریه، بیانیه.
“A declaration of love”.
Categorically
/ˌkatəˈɡɒrɪk(ə)li/
Adverb:
In a way that is unambiguously explicit and direct (به طور قطع، قاطعانه).
“The rules state categorically, ‘No Violence’”.
Ought
/ɔt/
Verb:
Used to indicate duty or correctness, typically when criticizing someone’s actions (باید، الزاما، موظف).
“They ought to respect the law”.
Used to indicate a desirable or expected state (قاعدتا باید).
“He ought to be able to take the initiative”.
Used to give or ask for advice (برای نصیحت بکار می‌رود، بهتر است که).
“You ought to go”.
Used to indicate something that is probable (احتمالا باید، برای بیان امکان بکار می‌رود).
“Five minutes ought to be enough time”.
Wage
/weɪdʒ/
Noun:
A fixed regular payment earned for work or services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis (دستمزد).
“We were struggling to get better wages”.
Verb:
Carry on (a war or campaign) (جنگ یا کارزار را ادامه دادن).
“It is necessary to destroy their capacity to wage war”.
Sanctify
Verb:
مقدس‌سازی، تطهیرکردن، شستن گناه.
“A small shrine was built to sanctify the site”.
“Their love is sanctified by the sacrament of marriage”.
“May God sanctify his soul”.
Tolerant
/ˈtɑː.lɚ.ənt/
Adjective:
Showing willingness to allow the existence of opinions or behaviour that one does not necessarily agree with (شکیبا در برابر نظر دیگران، بردبار، دارای قدرت تحمل).
“We must be tolerant of others”.
(Of a plant, animal, or machine) able to endure specified conditions or treatment (سازگار، مقاوم).
“Rye is reasonably tolerant of drought”.
——————
Tolerate: (verb) تحمل کردن، مدارا کردن، طاقت آوردن.
Downright
Adjective:
(Of something bad or unpleasant) utter; complete (used for emphasis) (کاملا، محض، مطلقا).
“It’s a downright disgrace”.
So direct in manner as to be blunt (سرراست).
“Her common sense and downright attitude to life surprised him”.
Adverb:
To an extreme degree; thoroughly (کاملا، صرفا).
“He was downright rude”.
Grim reaper
تجسم مرگ در شمایل اسکلت رداپوش (شنل‌پوش) با یک داس بزرگ در دست.
Grim: ترسناک، شوم.
Reaper: دروگر، ماشین‌درو.
Decree
/dɪˈkriː/
Noun:
An official order that has the force of law (امر، فرمان، حکم).
“The decree guaranteed freedom of assembly”.
Verb:
Order (something) by decree (فرمان‌دادن).
“They decreed a ban on smoking in public places”.
Depict
/dɪˈpɪkt/
Verb:
Represent by a drawing, painting, or other art form (تصویر کردن).
“Paintings depicting Old Testament scenes”.
Portray in words; describe (شرح دادن).
“youth is depicted as a time of vitality and good health”.
Implore
Verb:
Beg someone earnestly* or desperately to do something (عجز و لابه، التماس کردن).
“He implored her to change her mind”.
*Earnestly: با جدیت.
Expedite
/ˈɛkspɪdʌɪt/
Verb:
Make (an action or process) happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly (انجام کار با شتاب، تسریع کردن در، تعجیل کردن).
“He promised to expedite economic reforms”.
Hiss
/hɪs/
Verb:
Make a sharp sibilant* sound as of the letter S (فیس فیس کردن).
“The escaping gas was hissing”.
*Sibilant (adjective): making or characterized by a hissing sound.
Whisper something in an urgent or angry way (با صدای یواش قر زدن).
“‘Get back!’ he hissed”.
Express disapproval of (someone) by hissing (ابراز مخالفت با هیس کردن).
“He was hissed off the stage”.
Noun:
A sharp sibilant sound.
“The spit and hiss of a cornered cat”.
Clog
Noun:
A shoe with a thick wooden sole (کفش چوبی با کفی ضخیم).
An encumbrance or impediment (مانع، بار اضافی).
“They found the tax to be an unacceptable clog on the market”.
Verb:
Block or become blocked with an accumulation of thick, wet matter (لخته شدن، مسدود کردن).
“The gutters* were clogged up with leaves”.
*Gutter: ناودان، آب‌راه.
Deposit
ɪˈpɑː.zɪt/
Noun:
A sum of money paid into a bank or building society account (سپرده).
“Cash funds which are an alternative to bank or building society deposits”.
A sum payable as a first instalment on the purchase of something or as a pledge for a contract, the balance being payable later (پیش‌پرداخت).
“We’ve saved enough for a deposit on a house”.
Verb:
Put or set down (something or someone) in a specific place (گذاشتن، تلمبار کردن، مستقر کردن، جا گرفتن).
“He deposited a pile of school books on the kitchen table”.
Place (something) somewhere for safekeeping (سپردن).
“A vault in which guests may deposit valuable property”.
Manuscript
/ˈmanjʊskrɪpt/
Noun:
A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed (نسخه خطی).
“An illuminated manuscript”.
An author’s handwritten or typed text that has not yet been published (پیش‌نویس).
“Several manuscripts in his own hand”.
Second Coming
ظهور مجدد منجی (مهدی یا عیسی).
Speciality
Noun:
A pursuit, area of study, a branch of medicine or surgery, or skill to which someone has devoted much time and effort and in which they are expert (تخصص).
“His speciality was watercolours”.
Theologian
/ˌθiː.əˈloʊ.dʒən/
Noun:
A person who engages or is an expert in theology (متخصص الهیات، روحانی، ملا، خداشناس).
“The account itself had come from Hervey, an English philosopher and theologian”.
Theology:
The study of the nature of God and religious belief (الهیات، یزدان‌شناسی).
“A theology degree”.
Chemotherapy
Noun:
The treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs (شیمی‌درمانی).
“He was relieved to discover he would not need chemotherapy or radiotherapy”.
Reinvigorate
/ˌriːɪnˈvɪɡəreɪt/
Verb:
Give new energy or strength to (تجدید قوا، تقویت).
“We are fully committed to reinvigorating the economy of the area”.
——————
Invigorating:
Adjective:
Making one feel strong, healthy, and full of energy (مقوی، نیروبخش، قوت‌دهنده).
“A brisk, invigorating walk”.
Precisely
/prɪˈsʌɪsli/
Adverb:
In exact terms; without vagueness (دقیقا).
“The guidelines are precisely defined”.
“Exactly” (used to emphasize the complete accuracy or truth of a statement) (دقیقا راسِ).
“At 2.00 precisely, the phone rang”.
Used as a reply to confirm or agree with a previous statement (دقیقا درست می‌فرمایید).
“You mean it was a conspiracy? Precisely”.
Under the impression that
Idiom:
To have an idea or belief that is usually not clear or certain (بر این باور بودن که).
“I was under the impression that admission was free”.
Municipality
/mjʊˌnɪsɪˈpalɪti/
Noun:
A town or district that has local government (شهرداری، تقسیمات سیاسی).
“Voters in each municipality choose between four candidates”.
The governing body of a municipality (هیئت حاکمه شهرداری).
“Locally elected municipalities”.
Thus far and no further
Statement:
A task was completed to a certain limit and there is no chance of going beyond (همین و بس، ترجمه تحت اللفظی: تا اینجا و نه بیشتر).
They wanted the postwar legislation to be a settlement: thus far and no further.
Gerontologist
/ˌdʒer.ənˈtɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
Noun:
A person who studies old age (متخصص پیری‌شناس).
“Butler, a psychiatrist and gerontologist who is president of the International Longevity Center-USA”.
Preside
/prɪˈzʌɪd/
Verb:
Be in the position of authority in a meeting or other gathering (مسئول بودن، ریاست کردن).
“The prime minister will preside at an emergency cabinet meeting”.
Venture
/ˈvɛn(t)ʃə/
Noun:
A risky or daring journey or undertaking (ماجراجویی جسورانه).
“Pioneering ventures into little-known waters”.
A business enterprise, typically one that involves risk (تشکیلات تجاری پرریسک، داد و ستد).
“A joint venture between two aircraft manufacturers”.
A new business activity (تجارت یا بازرگانی نوپا).
“The firm is looking overseas for more lucrative business ventures”.
“The total value of venture investments increased to $5.6 billion in the second quarter”.
Verb:
Undertake a risky or daring journey or course of action (به ماجراجویی جسورانه رفتن).
“She ventured out into the blizzard”.
Dare to do or say something that may be considered audacious (often used as a polite expression of hesitation or apology) (جسارت بیان یا انجام چیزی مودبانه).
“May I venture to add a few comments?”.
Phrase: (archaic)
At a venture — trusting to chance rather than to previous consideration or preparation (اله‌بختکی).
“A man drew a bow at a venture”.
Portfolio
/pɔːtˈfəʊlɪəʊ/
Noun:
A large, thin, flat case for loose sheets of paper such as drawings or maps (پوشه).
“Under his arm he carried a large portfolio of drawings”.
A range of investments held by a person or organization (سبد سرمایه‌گذاری).
“A portfolio of insured municipal securities”.
Luminary
/ˈluːmɪn(ə)ri/
Noun:
A person who inspires or influences others, especially one prominent in a particular sphere (شُهره، راهنما، نور راهنما).
“One of the luminaries of child psychiatry”.
Entrepreneur
/ˌɒntrəprəˈnəː/
Noun:
A person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit (کارآفرین، موسس، بنیان‌گذار).
“many entrepreneurs see potential in this market”
The writing is on the wall
Idiom:
There are clear signs that something unpleasant or unwelcome is going to happen (شواهد واضح برای وقوع رویدادی ناگوار).
“The writing was on the wall for the old system”.
“After two defeats, the writing is on the wall for the manager”.
Breakneck
/ˈbreɪknɛk/
Adjective:
Dangerously or extremely fast (سرسام‌آور).
“He drove at breakneck speed”.
Regenerative
/rɪˈdʒɛn(ə)rətɪv/
Adjective:
tending to or characterized by regeneration (احیا کننده، محی).
“Natural regenerative processes”.
Dismiss
/dɪsˈmɪs/
Verb:
Order or allow to leave; send away (مرخص کردن).
“She dismissed the taxi at the corner of the road”.
Remove from employment or office, typically on the grounds of unsatisfactory performance (اخراج کردن، عزل کردن).
“The prime minister dismissed five members of his cabinet”.
Treat as unworthy of serious consideration (بی‌ارزش انگاشتن، تحقیر کردن).
“It would be easy to dismiss him as all brawn and no brain”.
LAW:
Refuse further hearing to (a case) (رد کردن دفاعیه‌ی دادگاه).
“The judge dismissed the case for lack of evidence”.
Polymath
/ˈpɒlɪmaθ/
Noun:
A person of wide knowledge or learning (بحرالعلوم، همه‌چیزدان).
“A Renaissance polymath”.
Sanguine
/ˈsaŋɡwɪn/
Adjective:
Optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation (خوش‌بین، مثبت‌اندیش).
“He is sanguine about prospects for the global economy”
Noun:
A blood-red color (سرخ).
“The radiant heat from the cedar logs, whose sanguine colour made the silvered locks of his hair into a fantastic wreath* of flames”.
*wreath: تاج گل.
Makeover
/ˈmeɪkəʊvə/
Noun:
A complete transformation of the appearance of someone or something (تغییر شکل، ظاهرآرایی، آرایش).
“For under $25 an expert would do a minifacial and a cosmetic* makeover”.
*cosmetic: زیبایی.
Due
/djuː/
Adjective:
Expected at or planned for at a certain time (زمان مورد نظر، مقتضی، مقرر، سررسید).
“The baby’s due in August”.
Of the proper quality or extent (کافی).
“Driving without due care and attention”.
Noun:
One’s right; what is owed to one (حق، دِین).
“He thought it was his due”.
An obligatory payment; a fee (حقوق، موعد پرداخت، سررسید، حق الزحمه).
“He had paid trade union dues for years”.
Adverb:
(with reference to a point of the compass) exactly; directly (دقیقا، مستقیما).
“We’ll head due south again on the same road”.
Phrase:
Pay one’s dues — experience difficulties before achieving success (دود چراغ خوردن، خاک کاری را خوردن، برای موفقیت جان کندن، وظایف خود را انجام دادن).
“This drummer has paid his dues with the best”.
Plethora
/ˈplɛθ(ə)rə/
Noun:
A large or excessive amount of something (زیاد، مفرط، تجمع خون در یک نقطه، انبوهی از).
“A plethora of committees and subcommittees”.
Netherworld
/ˈnɛðəwəːld/
Noun:
The underworld; hell (جهنم، دنیای مردگان).
“Their souls were forever doomed to wander aimlessly in the netherworld”.
A hidden or illicit area of activity (فعالیت‌های زیرزمینی و مجرمانه).
“The narcotic netherworld thriving in post-war America”.
Trek
/trɛk/
Noun:
A long arduous* journey, especially one made on foot (سفر، کوچ، مهاجرت).
“A trek to the South Pole”.
*Arduous(/ˈɑːdjʊəs/): دشوار، سخت، پرزحمت.
Verb:
Go on a long arduous journey, typically on foot (سفر کردن، کوچ کردن، مهاجرت کردن، پیاده‌روی).
“We trekked through the jungle”.
Baulk (UK)/balk (US)
/bɔː(l)k/
Verb:
Hesitate or be unwilling to accept an idea or undertaking (امتنا کردن، مخالفت کردن، تردید کردن).
“He balked at such a drastic solution”.
Noun:
A roughly squared timber beam (تیر چوبی مربعی).
“A balk of timber”.
Aspiration
/ˌaspɪˈreɪʃn/
Noun:
A hope or ambition of achieving something (آرزو، جاه‌طلبی).
“He had nothing tangible to back up his literary aspirations”.
The action or process of drawing breath (تنفس).
“The patient had difficulty with aspiration due to a throat infection”.
——————
Aspirant: خواهان، مشتاق، آرزومند، داوطلب کار یا مقام، جویا، ملتمس.
Sinister
/ˈsɪnɪstə/
Adjective:
Giving the impression that something harmful or evil is happening or will happen (شوم، اهریمنی، بدیمن).
“There was something sinister about that murmuring voice”.
Sit on one’s hands
Idiom:
To do nothing about a problem or a situation that needs dealing with (دست روی دست گذاشتن).
“Every day the crisis worsens and yet the government seems content to sit on its hands”.
Extrapolate
/ɪkˈstrapəleɪt,ɛkˈstrapəleɪt/
Verb:
Extend the application of (a method or conclusion) to an unknown situation by assuming that existing trends will continue or similar methods will be applicable (بسط یا تعمیم بی‌اساس دادن).
“The results cannot be extrapolated to other patient groups”.
Notion
/ˈnəʊʃn/
Noun:
A conception of or belief about something (تصور، باور).
“Children have different notions about the roles of their parents”.
An impulse or desire, especially one of a whimsical* kind (هوس).
“She had a notion to ring her friend at work”
*Whimsical (/ˈwɪmzɪkl/): بوالهوسانه.
Full measure
Noun:
The total amount or extent (حجم کامل).
“The full measure of their worth”.
Establishment
/ɪˈstablɪʃm(ə)nt/
Noun:
The action of establishing something or being established (استقرار، تاسیس).
“The establishment of an independent government”.
A business organization, public institution, or household (موسسه، سازمان، فعالیت تجاری خانگی).
“Hotels or catering establishments”.
Underwrite
/ˌʌndəˈrʌɪt/
verb:
Sign and accept liability under (an insurance policy), thus guaranteeing payment in case loss or damage occurs (گارانتی، پذیرش مسئولیت).
“The policy, underwritten at Lloyd’s, indemnifies trustees against loss arising from wrongful acts”.
(Of a bank or other financial institution) pledge to buy all the unsold shares in (an issue of new shares) (پذیره‌نویسی، تعهد خرید سهام دادن، بیمه کردن).
“The purchase is being paid for by a share issue, which has been underwritten”.
Forgo
/fəˈɡəʊ/
Verb:
Go without (something desirable) (صرف‌نظر کردن، چشم‌پوشی کردن).
“She wanted to forgo the tea and leave while they could”.
Refrain from (اجتناب کردن).
“We forgo any comparison between the two men”.
Constitute
/ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/
Verb:
Be (a part) of a whole (بخشی از چیزی را تشکیل دادن).
“Lone parents constitute a great proportion of the poor”.
Give legal or constitutional form to (an institution); establish by law (قانونی تاسیس کردن).
“The superior courts were constituted by the Judicature Acts 1873–5”.
Be or be equivalent to (something) (به منزله‌ی چیزی بودن یا تلقی شدن، معادل چیزی بودن).
“His failure to act constituted a breach of duty”.
——————
Constituent: رای‌دهنده، مولفه، جزء، عضو.
Well-nigh
/ˌwɛlˈnʌɪ/
Adverb:
Almost (تقریبا).
“A task that is well-nigh impossible”.
Provided
/prəˈvʌɪdɪd/
conjunction: (حرف ربط)
On the condition or understanding that (مادامی که، به شرطی که).
“Cutting corners was acceptable, provided that you could get away with it”.
Ingrained
/ɪnˈɡreɪnd/
Adjective:
(Of a habit, belief, or attitude) firmly fixed or established; difficult to change (ریشه‌دار، نهادینه، ریشه‌دوانده).
“His deeply ingrained Catholic convictions”.
(Of dirt or a stain) deeply embedded and thus difficult to remove (چرک مردگی، کثیفی که به عمق نفوذ کرده).
“The ingrained dirt on the flaking paintwork”.
substitute
/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/
noun:
A person or thing acting or serving in place of another (جایگزین، جانشین).
“Soya milk is used as a substitute for dairy milk”.
A sports player nominated as eligible to replace another after a match has begun (جانشین، بازیکن تعویضی).
“Stewart was the Rovers substitute”.
verb:
Use or add in place of (جایگزین کردن).
“Dried rosemary can be substituted for the fresh herb”.
Replace (a sports player) with a substitute during a match (تعویض کردن).
“He was substituted eleven minutes from time”.
piety
/ˈpʌɪɪti/
Noun:
The quality of being religious or reverent (تقوا).
“Acts of piety and charity”.
Remembrance
/rɪˈmɛmbr(ə)ns/
Noun:
The action of remembering something (یادآوری).
“A flash of remembrance passed between them”.
The action of remembering the dead (یادبود، یادواره).
“A chapel of remembrance”.
A memory or recollection (خاطره).
plural noun: remembrances
“They exchanged fond remembrances of his gentle ways”.
Rickety
/ˈrɪkɪti/
Adjective:
(Of a structure or piece of equipment) poorly made and likely to collapse (زهوار در رفته، سست).
“We went carefully up the rickety stairs”.
Affected by rickets (نافرم به دلیل راشیتیسم).
“Poverty was evident in undernourished faces or rickety legs”
Sweep forward
Move swiftly forward in a graceful, unstoppable and fluid motion (پیش‌روی).
“Once people think (with or without good reason) that they have a serious chance of escaping death, the desire for life will refuse to go on pulling the rickety wagon of art, ideology and religion, and will sweep forward like an avalanche”.
Fanatic
/fəˈnatɪk/
Noun:
A person filled with excessive and single-minded zeal, especially for an extreme religious or political cause (متعصب، افراطی).
“Religious fanatics”.
Adjective:
Filled with or expressing excessive zeal* (متعصبانه).
“His eyes had a fanatic iciness”.
*Zeal: غیرت، تعصب
Burning eyes
Phrase:
A burning or stinging feeling in one or both of your eyes (سوزش و قرمزی چشم).
“Some have reported nose bleeds, burning eyes and chest infections”.
Used to describe a character’s intense gaze or stare. It is usually used to convey a sense of power, passion, or anger (چشم‌های سراسر خشم، چشم‌های قرمز از عصبانیت).
“The answer was in his burning eyes”.
Flowing beard
ریش بسیار بزرگ تا روی سینه (ریش مذهبی).
Retail
/ˈriːteɪl/
Noun:
The sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale (خرده‌فروشی).
“The retail trade”.
Adverb:
Being sold by retail or at a retail price (خورده‌فروشی).
“It is not yet available retail”.
Verb:
Sell (goods) to the public by retail (خرده‌فروشی کردن).
“The difficulties in retailing the new products”.
Relate or repeat (a story) in detail (تکرار کردن یک عمل).
“His inimitable way of retailing a diverting anecdote”.
Mogul
/ˈməʊɡl/
Noun:
An important or powerful person, especially in the film or media industry (مقام معظم، شخص بزرگ و با نفوذ).
“The Hollywood movie mogul, Sam Goldwyn”.
مغول
A bump on a ski slope formed by skiers turning (ناهمواری حاصل از دور زدن اسکی‌باز روی برف).
“A mogul field”.
Bitter
/ˈbɪtə/
Adjective:
Having a sharp, pungent taste or smell; not sweet (تلخ، گزنده).
“Raw berries have an intensely bitter flavour”.
Feeling or showing anger, hurt, or resentment because of bad experiences or a sense of unjust treatment. Accumulated anger over time (دلخور، رنجیده، عصبانی، تنفر، خشم).
“I don’t feel jealous or bitter”.
Painful or unpleasant to accept or contemplate (ناگوار).
“Today’s decision has come as a bitter blow”.
(Of wind or weather) intensely cold (سرمای سوزناک).
“A bitter February night”
Noun:
Beer that is strongly flavoured and has a bitter taste (نوعی آبجوی تلخ).
“A pint of bitter”.
Prelude
/ˈprɛljuːd/
Noun:
An action or event serving as an introduction to something more important (مقدمه، پیش‌درآمد).
“A ceasefire had been agreed as a prelude to full peace negotiations”.
Verb:
Serve as a prelude or introduction to (مقدمه‌ی چیزی شدن).
“The bombardment preluded an all-out final attack”.
sole
/səʊl/
Noun:
The undersurface of a person’s foot (کف پا).
“The soles of their feet were nearly black with dirt”.
Verb:
Put a new sole on to (a shoe) (کفش را کفی زدن).
“He wanted several pairs of boots to be soled and heeled”.
Adjective:
One and only (تنها، یگانه).
“My sole aim was to contribute to the national team”.
Belonging or restricted to one person or group of people (صرفا، فقط، تنها).
“The health club is for the sole use of our guests”.
Foster
/ˈfɒstə/
Verb:
Encourage the development of (something, especially something desirable) (پرورش دادن، پروردن).
“The teacher’s task is to foster learning”.
Bring up (a child that is not one’s own by birth) (بزرگ کردن فرزندخوانده).
“A person who would foster Holly was found”.
Pay lip service to
Phrase of lip:
Express approval of or support for (something) insincerely or without taking any significant action (حمایت و تایید بدون اقدام موثر).
“They pay lip service to equality but they don’t want to do anything about it”.
Welfare
/ˈwɛlfɛː/
Noun:
The health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group (سعادت، آسایش، رفاه).
“They don’t give a damn about the welfare of their families”.
Statutory* procedure or social effort designed to promote the basic physical and material well-being of people in need (رفاه اجتماعی. تسهیلات).
“The protection of rights to education, housing, and welfare”.
*statutory (/ˈstatʃʊt(ə)ri/): قانونی.
Literate
/ˈlɪt(ə)rət/
Adjective:
Able to read and write (باسواد).
“Their parents were uneducated and barely literate”.
Noun:
A literate person (ادیب).
She is a literate woman who enjoys reading classic novels and poetry.
Brigadier
/ˌbrɪɡəˈdɪə/
Noun:
A rank of officer in the British army, above colonel and below major general (سرتیپ).
“He was a brigadier tasked with military research”.
Trajectory
/trəˈdʒɛkt(ə)ri/
[shell’s trajectory]
Noun:
The path followed by a projectile flying or an object moving under the action of given forces (مسیر، خط سیر).
“The missile’s trajectory was preset”.
[مسیر خمپاره یا گلوله‌ی توپ]
Command
/kəˈmɑːnd/
Verb:
Give an authoritative or peremptory order (امر کردن، دستور دادن).
“A gruff voice commanded us to enter”.
Dominate (a strategic position) from a superior height (مسلط بودن).
“The fortress commands the shortest Channel crossing”.
Have authority over; be in charge of (a unit) (فرماندهی کردن).
“He commanded a Hurricane squadron”.
Be in a strong enough position to have or secure (در اختیار داشتن).
“They command a majority in Parliament”.
Noun:
An authoritative order (دستور، امر).
“He obeyed her commands without question”.
The ability to use or control something (تسلط).
“He had a brilliant command of English”.
Phrase:
Word of command — an order for a movement in a drill*, a prearranged spoken signal for the start of an operation (فرمان نظام جمع).
*Drill: مانور، تمرین نظامی.
At someone’s command — at someone’s disposal to use or instruct (چیزی در اختیار کسی، در چنته داشتن).
“I shall defend myself with all the eloquence at my command”.
Clerk
/klɑːk/
Noun:
A person employed in an office or bank to keep records, accounts, and undertake other routine administrative duties (منشی، کارمند دفتری).
“A bank clerk”.
A receptionist in a hotel (متصدی پذیرش هتل).
“She approached the desk and the clerk looked down at her”.
Verb:
Work as a clerk (منشی‌گری کردن).
“Eleven of those who left college this year are clerking in auction stores”.
Fester
/ˈfɛstə/
Verb:
(Of a wound or sore) become septic; suppurate (چرکی شدن).
“I developed a tropical sore that festered badly”.
(Of food or rubbish) become rotten and offensive to the senses (گندیدن).
“Piles of mouldy grey paper festered by the sink”.
(Of a negative feeling or a problem) become worse or more intense, especially through long-term neglect or indifference (وخیم شدن).
“Below the surface, the old antagonisms* festered”.
*antagonism: تضاد.
(Of a person) deteriorate physically and mentally in isolated inactivity (تحلیل رفتن).
“Remand prisoners are left to fester in our jails while they wait for trial”.
Swamp
/swɒmp/
Noun:
An area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh (باتلاق، مرداب).
Verb:
Overwhelm or flood with water(غرق کردن یا شدن).
“A huge wave swamped the canoes”.
Sturdy
/ˈstəːdi/
Adjective:
(Of a person or their body) strongly and solidly built (قوی هیکل، تنومند).
“He had a sturdy, muscular physique”.
Noun:
Vertigo in sheep caused by a tapeworm larva encysted in the brain (بیماری کِرْم سر در گوسفندان که باعث سرگیجه می‌شود).
Bureaucratic
/ˌbjʊərəˈkratɪk/
Adjective:
Relating to a system of government in which most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives (دیوان‌سالار).
“Well-established bureaucratic procedures”.
Over-concerned with procedure at the expense of efficiency or common sense (درگیر امور اداری، درگیر کاغذ بازی).
“The scheme is overly bureaucratic and complex”.
Bureaucrat:
Noun:
An official in a government department, in particular one perceived as being concerned with procedural correctness at the expense of people’s needs (مقام مسئول، صاحب منصب).
“The unemployed will be dealt with not by faceless bureaucrats but by individuals”.
Punctually
/ˈpʌŋ(k)tʃʊəli/
Adverb:
At the agreed or proper time; promptly (به موقع، سروقت).
“Four out of five trains were arriving punctually”.
Pension
/ˈpɛnʃn/
Noun:
A regular payment made by the state to people of or above the official retirement age and to some widows and disabled people (حقوق بازنشستگی، مستمری).
“Men can draw a pension from the age of sixty-five”.
A small hotel or boarding house in France and other European countries (پانسیون).
/ˈpɒ̃sjɒ̃/
Verb:
Dismiss someone from employment, typically because of age or ill health, and pay them a pension (بازنشسته کردن).
“He was pensioned off from the army after the war”.
Unalienable
/ʌnˈeɪlɪənəbl/
Adjective:
Another term for inalienable:
Not subject to being taken away from or given away by the possessor (لاینفک، غیرقابل انکار، سلب نشدنی).
“The shareholders have the inalienable right to dismiss directors”.
“You see, I believe that all Americans, regardless of race or religion, should be afforded and protected by the same inalienable rights”.
Sought
/sɔːt/
Past tense and past participle of seek.
Verb:
Attempt to find (something) (جستجو کردن).
“They came here to seek shelter from biting winter winds”.
Attempt or desire to obtain or achieve (something) (خواهان بودن، دنبال کردن).
“The new regime sought his extradition”.
Ask for (something) from someone (تقاضا کردن، درخواست کردن).
“He sought help from the police”.
Dairy farmer
/ˈdɛːriˈ ˈfɑːr.mɚ/
Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for the long-term production of milk (تولیدکننده لبنیات).
“The average organic dairy farmer was 47 years old and had 23 years of farm experience”.
Dairy: لبنیاتی.
Envisage
/ɪnˈvɪzɪdʒ,ɛnˈvɪzɪdʒ/
Verb:
Contemplate or conceive of as a possibility or a desirable future event (پیش‌بینی کردن، در نظر گرفتن).
“The Rome Treaty envisaged free movement across frontiers”.
Form a mental picture of (something not yet existing or known) (تجسم کردن، انگاشتن).
“He knew what he liked but had difficulty envisaging it”.
Imperceptible
/ˌɪmpəˈsɛptɪbl/
Adjective:
So slight, gradual, or subtle as not to be perceived (نامحسوس، غیرقابل مشاهده، تدریجی).
“His head moved in an almost imperceptible nod”.
Morph
/mɔːf/
Verb:
Change smoothly from one image to another by small gradual steps using computer animation techniques (مورف، یک تکنیک کامپیوتری متحرک‌سازی).
“The characters can be morphed on screen”.
Undergo or cause to undergo a gradual process of transformation (تغییر تدریجی).
“The cute moppet has morphed into the moody moll of the indie world”.
Suffix: -morph (uses in Greek and Latin words)
Denoting something having a specified form or character.
“Endomorph antonym of Ectomorph: A person who has a thin and slender body type”.
Per capita
/pəː ˈkapɪtə/
Adverb:
For each person; in relation to people taken individually (سرانه، هر نفری).
“The state had fewer banks per capita than elsewhere”.
Adjective:
Relating or applied to each person (افرادی).
“Lower than average per capita spending”.
Yardstick
/ˈjɑːdstɪk/
Noun:
A standard used for comparison (معیار، مقیاس، شاخص).
“League tables are not the only yardstick of schools’ performance”.
Supplement
/ˈsʌplɪm(ə)nt/
Noun:
A thing added to something else in order to complete or enhance it (مکمل، ضمیمه، الحاق).
“The handout is a supplement to the official manual”.
The amount by which an angle is less than 180° (زاویه‌ی باز یا منفرجه).
Verb:
Add an extra element or amount to (افزودن).
“I looked for a part-time job to supplement my income”.
Gross
/ɡrəʊs/
Adverb:
(Especially of wrongdoing) very obvious and unacceptable (اشتباه فاحش).
“Gross human rights abuses”.
(Of income, profit, or interest) without deduction of tax or other contributions; total (ناخالص، کل).
“The gross amount of the gift was £1,000”.
Verb:
Produce or earn (an amount of money) as gross profit or income (درآمد ناخالص).
“The film went on to gross $8 million”.
Noun:
An amount equal to twelve dozen; 144 (دوازده جین).
“Fifty-five gross of tins of processed milk”.
A gross profit or income (درآمد یا سود ناخالص).
“The box office grosses mounted”.
Survey
/səˈveɪ,ˈsəːveɪ/
Verb:
Look closely at or examine (someone or something) (نظاره کردن، رصد کردن).
“Her green eyes surveyed him coolly”.
Examine and record the area and features of (an area of land) so as to construct a map, plan, or description (پیمایش، نقشه‌برداری).
“He surveyed the coasts of New Zealand”.
Noun:
A general view, examination, or description of someone or something (شرح کامل، مشروح).
“The author provides a survey of the relevant literature”.
An act of surveying a building (بازرسی ساختمان).
“The building society will insist that you have a survey done”.
Disciple
/dɪˈsʌɪpl/
Noun:
A personal follower of Christ during his life, especially one of the twelve Apostles (حواری).
A follower or pupil of a teacher, leader, or philosopher (شاگرد، مرید، پیرو).
“A disciple of Rousseau”.
Curb
/kəːb/
Noun:
A check or restraint on something (مهار، محدودیت).
“Plans to introduce tougher curbs on insider dealing”.
A type of bit with a strap or chain attached which passes under a horse’s lower jaw, used as a check (دهنه‌ی اسب).
Verb:
Restrain or keep in check (مهار کردن، افسار زدن).
“She promised she would curb her temper”.
kerb
Noun:
A stone edging to a pavement or raised path (جدول خیابان).
“The car mounted the kerb and collided with a tree”.
Frenzied
/ˈfrɛnzɪd/
Adjective:
Wildly excited or uncontrolled (دیوانه‌وار).
“A frenzied attack”.
Orgy
/ˈɔːdʒi/
Noun:
A wild party characterized by excessive drinking and indiscriminate sexual activity (عیاشی).
“He had a reputation for drunken orgies”.
An instance of excessive indulgence in a specified activity (افراط).
“An orgy of buying”.
Outline
/ˈaʊtlʌɪn/
Noun:
A line or set of lines enclosing or indicating the shape of an object in a sketch or diagram (پیراخط).
“The chalked outline of a human body”.
A general description or plan showing the essential features of something but not the detail (طرح کلی).
“An outline of parliamentary procedure”.
Verb:
Draw, trace, or define the outer edge or shape of (برون‌نما کردن).
“Her eyes were darkly outlined with kohl”.
Give a summary of (خلاصه کردن).
“She outlined the case briefly”.
Phrase:
In outline:
in broad terms (به صورت کلی).
“The plan has been agreed in outline”.
Ethic [ethical]
/ˈɛθɪk/
Noun:
A set of moral principles, especially ones relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct (اخلاقیات، اصول اخلاقی).
“The puritan ethic was being replaced by the hedonist ethic”.
Bygone
/ˈbʌɪɡɒn/
Adjective:
Belonging to an earlier time (پسین، گذشته، قدیمی).
“Relics of a bygone age”.
Noun:
A thing dating from an earlier time (کهن).
“The museum consists of a fascinating collection of rural bygones”.
Authoritarian
/ɔːˌθɒrɪˈtɛːrɪən,ˌɔːθɒrɪˈtɛːrɪən/
Adjective:
Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom (استبدادی، استبدادگرا).
“The transition from an authoritarian to a democratic regime”.
Showing a lack of concern for the wishes or opinions of others; dictatorial (دیکتاتوری، مستبدانه).
“He had an authoritarian and at times belligerent manner”.
Noun:
An authoritarian person (دیکتاتور).
Tradition-bound
مقید به سنت، سنت‌گرا.
“His appointment signals a shift in tradition-bound France.
Hand down
Phrase:
Pass something on to a younger person or a successor (ارث دادن).
“songs are handed down from mother to daughter”.
Announce something, especially a judgement or sentence, formally or publicly (صادر کردن، اعلام کردن).
“It was the most liberal decision ever handed down by a football authority”.
Compensate
/ˈkɒmp(ə)nseɪt,ˈkɒmpɛnseɪt/
verb:
Give (someone) something, typically money, in recognition of loss, suffering, or injury incurred; recompense (غرامت دادن).
“Payments were made to farmers to compensate them for cuts in subsidies”.
Reduce or counteract (something unwelcome or unpleasant) by exerting an opposite force or effect (جبران کردن).
“The manager is hoping for victory to compensate for the team’s dismal league campaign”.
Attain
/əˈteɪn/
Verb:
Succeed in achieving (something that one has worked for) (دست یافتن، نایل شدن).
“Clarify your objectives and ways of attaining them”.
Reach (a specified age, size, or amount) (رسیدن به، دست یافتن به).
“Dolphins can attain speeds in water which man cannot yet emulate”.
Abolish
/əˈbɒlɪʃ/
Verb:
Formally put an end to (a system, practice, or institution) (منسوخ کردن، برانداختن، از بین بردن).
“The tax was abolished in 1977”.
Contraceptive
/ˌkɒntrəˈsɛptɪv/
Adjective:
(Of a method or device) serving to prevent pregnancy (ضدبارداری).
“The contraceptive pill”.
Noun:
A device or drug serving to prevent pregnancy (وسایل پیشگیری از بارداری).
“We’d been making love without contraceptives for months”.
Subjective
/səbˈdʒɛktɪv/
Adjective:
Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions (شخصی و خصوصی، فردی).
“His views are highly subjective”.
Boom
/buːm/
Noun:
A loud, deep, resonant sound (صدای بوم).
“The deep boom of the bass drum”.
A pivoted spar to which the foot of a vessel’s sail is attached, allowing the angle of the sail to be changed (بوم، تیر افقی بادبان).
Verb:
Make a loud, deep, resonant sound (صدای بوم ایجاد کردن).
“Thunder boomed in the sky”.
Experience a period of great prosperity or rapid economic growth (رونق گرفتن، شکوفا شدن).
“Business is booming”.
Stout
/staʊt/
Adjective:
(Of a person) rather fat or of heavy build (تنومند، فربه).
“stout middle-aged men”.
(Of an object) strong and thick (ضخیم، کلفت).
“Billy had armed himself with a stout stick”.
Noun:
A kind of strong, dark beer brewed with roasted malt or barley (نوعی آبجوی قوی).
“There is a tradition in England of drinking stout while eating oysters”.
Dominion
/dəˈmɪnɪən/
Noun:
Sovereignty or control (تسلط، حاکمیت، تملک).
“Man’s attempt to establish dominion over nature”.
The territory of a sovereign or government (قلمرو، سلطنت).
“The Angevin dominions”.
Deduce
/dɪˈdjuːs/
Verb:
Arrive at (a fact or a conclusion) by reasoning; draw as a logical conclusion (استنتاج کردن، نتیجه‌گیری کردن).
“Little can be safely deduced from these figures”.
Blasphemous
/ˈblasfəməs,ˈblɑːsfəməs/
Adjective:
Sacrilegious against God or sacred things; profane (کفرآمیز، کافرانه).
“Blasphemous and heretical talk”.
Subversion
/səbˈvəːʃn/
Noun:
The undermining of the power and authority of an established system or institution (براندازی، فروپاشی، خرابکاری).
“The ruthless subversion of democracy”
Orthodoxy
/ˈɔːθədɒksi/
Noun:
Authorized or generally accepted theory, doctrine*, or practice (باور عمومی).
“Monetarist orthodoxy”.
*Doctrine: مکتب، اصول فکری.
The whole community of Orthodox Jews or Orthodox Christians (ارتدکسی).
“She was brought up in orthodoxy”.
Abstraction
/əbˈstrakʃn/
Noun:
The attribute of dealing with ideas rather than events (انتزاعی).
“Topics will vary in degrees of abstraction”.
Freedom from representational qualities in art (ابستره، هنر انتزاعی).
“Geometric abstraction has been a mainstay in her work”.
A state of preoccupation (دل‌مشغولی، مشغله‌ی ذهنی).
“She sensed his momentary abstraction”.
The process of considering something independently of its associations or attributes (بدون در نظر گرفتن جزئیات و ویژگی‌ها، کلی‌نگری).
“The question cannot be considered in abstraction from the historical context in which it was raised”.
The process of removing something, especially water from a river or other source (استخراج و برداشت آب).
“The abstraction of water from springs and wells”.
Infuriate [Infuriating]
/ɪnˈfjʊərɪeɪt/ [/ɪnˈfjɔːrɪeɪtɪŋ/]
Verb:
Make (someone) extremely angry and impatient (عصبانی کردن، آتشی کردن).
“I was infuriated by your article”.
[Adjective:
Making one extremely angry and impatient (جنون‌آمیز، خشم‌آور).
“That infuriating half-smile on his face”.]
Not for nothing do we say
بیخود نیست که میگن، الکی نمیگن که.
“Not for nothing do we say that “the pen is mightier than the sword”.”
Conversely
/kənˈvəːsli/
Adverb:
Introducing a statement or idea which reverses one that has just been made or referred to (متقابلا، برعکس، از طرف دیگر).
“We’re not going to have enough onions to last the year, while courgettes, conversely, are in a major surplus”.
Dread [Dreaded]
/ˈdrɛdɪd/ [/drɛd/]
Verb:
Anticipate with great apprehension or fear (ترسیدن، وحشت داشتن).
“Jane was dreading the party”.
Noun:
Great fear or apprehension (ترس، وحشت، بیم).
“The thought of returning to London filled her with dread”.
adjective:
Greatly feared; dreadful (وحشت‌آور، خوف‌انگیز، وحشتناک، ترسناک).
“He was stricken with the dread disease and died”.
[Adjective:
Regarded with great fear or apprehension (وحشتناک، ترسناک، خوف‌انگیز).
“The dreaded news came that Joe had been wounded”.]
Shoot-out
/ˈʃuːtaʊt/
Noun:
A decisive gun battle (نبرد مسلحانه، تیر اندازی).
“we had all got cap pistols* for Christmas and gathered in Dr Hadley’s backyard for a shoot-out”.
*cap pistol, cap gun, cap rifle: اسباب‌بازی تفنگ ترقه‌ای.
Soccer:
A tiebreaker decided by each side taking a specified number of penalty kicks; Penalty shoot-outs (ضربات پنالتی).
Ecstatic
/ɛkˈstatɪk/
Adjective:
Feeling or expressing overwhelming happiness or joyful excitement (مشعوف، شیفته، خرسند، نشئه).
“Ecstatic fans filled the stadium”.
Involving an experience of mystic self-transcendence (از خود بیخود کننده).
“An ecstatic vision of God”.
Noun:
A person subject to mystical experiences (فرد نشئه، فرد از خود بیخود).
“The ecstatic was lost in the moment, completely consumed by the music.” (In this sentence, “ecstatic” refers to a person who is experiencing intense happiness or excitement).
Wash over
Phrase:
(Of a feeling) affect someone suddenly (ناگهان در بر گرفتن، سراپا فرا گرفتن).
“A deep feeling of sadness washed over her”.
Occur all around someone without greatly affecting them (در اطراف کسی با کمترین تاثیر اتفاق افتادن).
“She allowed the babble of conversation to wash over her”.
Pop pills
Phrase:
To take pills regularly, especially ones containing an illegal drug (مثل نقل و نبات قرص خوردن).
“A decade of heavy drinking and popping pills ruined her health”.
Subside
/səbˈsʌɪd/
Verb:
Become less intense, violent, or severe (فروکش کردن).
“I’ll wait a few minutes until the storm subsides”.
(Of water) go down to a lower or the normal level (فرونشستن آب).
“The floods subside almost as quickly as they arise”.
Conducive
/kənˈdjuːsɪv/
Adjective:
Making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible (مساعد، مناسب، سودمند، مفید).
“The harsh lights and cameras were hardly conducive to a relaxed atmosphere”.
“A quiet room is a more conducive atmosphere for studying”.
Ephemeral
/ɛˈfɛm(ə)rəl/
Adjective:
Lasting for a very short time (زودگذر، موقت).
“Fashions are ephemeral: new ones regularly drive out the old”.
Noun:
An ephemeral plant (نوعی گیاه با عمر کوتاه).
“Ephemerals avoid the periods of drought as seeds”.
Gimmick
/ˈɡɪmɪk/
Noun:
A trick or device intended to attract attention, publicity, or trade (کلک، حقه، حیله).
“It is not so much a programme to improve services as a gimmick to gain votes”.
Verb: (US)
Alter or augment with an extra device or feature (تغییر یا تقویت کردن).
“It was using software that had been specially gimmicked to allow for easier surveillance”.
Sales gimmick
A method a business employs to immediately generate demand for its product or service (ترفند فروش).
“The company’s marketing campaign relied on a sales gimmick to attract customers, but it failed”.
Bliss(ful)
/blɪs/[/ˈblɪsf(ʊ)l/]
Noun:
Perfect happiness; great joy (سعادت، خوشی، نشاط).
“She gave a sigh of bliss”.
[Adjective:
Extremely happy; full of joy (سعادتمندانه، خوشبخت).
“A blissful couple holding a baby”.
Providing perfect happiness or great joy (خوشایند، دلپذیر).
“The blissful caress of cool cotton sheets”.]
Lucrative
/ˈl(j)uːkrətɪv/
Adjective:
Producing a great deal of profit (سودمند، سودآور، پول‌ساز).
“A lucrative career as a stand-up comedian”.
Foreplay
/ˈfɔːpleɪ/
Noun:
Sexual activity that precedes intercourse (عشق‌بازی، معاشقه، پیش‌نوازی).
“He enjoyed flirting and foreplay”
Conduct
/ˈkɒndʌkt/
Noun: /ˈkɒndʌkt/
The manner in which a person behaves, especially in a particular place or situation (رفتار، کردار).
“They were arrested for disorderly conduct”.
The manner in which an organization or activity is managed or directed (شیوه‌ی برگذاری یا اجرا).
“The conduct of the elections”.
Verb: /kənˈdʌkt/
Organize and carry out (برگذار کردن، اجرا کردن).
“In the second trial he conducted his own defence”.
Lead or guide (someone) to or around a particular place (راهنمایی کردن، هدایت کردن).
“He conducted us through his personal gallery of the Civil War”.
Direct the performance of (a piece of music or an orchestra, choir, etc.) (ارکستر رهبری کردن).
“The concert is to be conducted by Sir Simon Rattle”.
Behave in a specified way (رفتار کردن به شیوه‌ای خاص).
“He conducted himself with the utmost propriety”.
Transmit (a form of energy such as heat or electricity) by conduction (انتقال دادن انرژی، رسانش).
“Heat is conducted to the surface”.
Tranquil
/ˈtraŋkw(ɪ)l/
Adjective:
Free from disturbance; calm (آرام، آسوده).
“Her tranquil gaze”.
Goad
/ɡəʊd/
Verb:
Provoke or annoy (someone) so as to stimulate an action or reaction (برانگیختن، تهییج کردن، آزردن، تحریک کردن).
“He was trying to goad her into a fight”.
Drive (an animal) with a spiked stick (سیخک زدن، سُک زدن برای هدایت حیوانات).
“The cowboys goaded their cattle across the meadows”.
Noun:
A spiked stick used for driving cattle (مهمیز).
Elation
/ɪˈleɪʃn/
Noun:
Great happiness and exhilaration (شوق، شعف، وجد، ذوق).
“Richard’s elation at regaining his health was short-lived”.
Laurel
/ˈlɒrəl/
Noun:
برگ‌بو یا لائوروس نوبیلیس.
Verb:
Bestow an award or praise on (someone) in recognition of an achievement (تقدیر کردن از کسی، قدردانی کردن از کسی).
“She will be laurelled alongside politicians, historians, and other actors”.
Exhilarating
/ɛɡˈzɪləreɪtɪŋ/
Adjective:
Making one feel very happy, animated, or elated; thrilling (فرح‌بخش، نشاط‌آور، هیجان‌انگیز).
“An exhilarating two-hour rafting experience”.
Solely
/ˈsəʊ(l)li/
Adverb:
Not involving anyone or anything else; only (فقط، منحصرا، به تنهایی).
“He is solely responsible for any debts the company may incur”.
Boredom
/ˈbɔːdəm/
Noun:
The state of feeling bored (حوصله سر رفتگی، ملالت).
“I’ll die of boredom if I live that long”.
Transient
/ˈtrɑːnzɪənt/
Adjective:
Lasting only for a short time; impermanent (گذرا، زودگذر، ناپایدار).
“A transient cold spell”.
Noun
A person who is staying or working in a place for a short time only (کارمند موقت، نیروی‌کار موقت).
“The city shelter provides meals and beds for transients who have nowhere else to go”.
A momentary variation in current, voltage, or frequency (نوسان لحظه‌ای، پالس).
——————
Transition: انتقال، گذار، تبدیل، تغییر.
Tycoon
/tʌɪˈkuːn/
Noun:
A wealthy, powerful person in business or industry (آدم بانفوذ و پول‌دار).
“A newspaper tycoon”.
Tedium
/ˈtiːdɪəm/
Noun:
The state or quality of being tedious (یکنواختی، کسلی، کج‌خلقی).
“The tedium of car journeys”.
Rig
/rɪɡ/
Verb:
Provide (a sailing boat) with sails and rigging (بادبان‌بندی کردن).
“The catamaran* will be rigged as a ketch**”.
*A catamaran is a watercraft with two parallel hulls of equal size.
**نوعی قایق دو بادبانی که بادبان اصلی جلو قرار دارد.
Set up (equipment or a device or structure), typically in a makeshift or hasty way (سمبل کردن).
“He had rigged up a sort of tent”.
Provide (someone) with clothes of a particular type (به لباسی خاص ملبس کردن).
“A cavalry regiment rigged out in green and gold”.
Manage or conduct (something) fraudulently so as to gain an advantage (تقلب کردن).
“Charges of vote-rigging”.
Noun:
The particular way in which a sailing boat’s masts, sails, and rigging are arranged (بادبان‌بندی).
“A ketch rig”.
A device or piece of equipment designed for a particular purpose (ادات، آلات، افزار، وسایل).
“A lighting rig”.
A person’s costume, outfit, or style of dress (لباس فرم، تیپ).
“The rig of the American Army Air Corps”.
Phrases
Full rig:
Smart or ceremonial clothes (لباس تشریفات).
“Armed forces personnel did not usually go drinking in full rig”.
Stigma
/ˈstɪɡmə/
Noun:
A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person (داغ، ننگ، بی‌آبرویی).
“The stigma of having gone to prison will always be with me”.
A visible sign or characteristic of a disease (علائم بصری بیماری).
“Knee deformities or other stigmata of childhood rickets”.
Mundane
/ˌmʌnˈdeɪn/
Adjective:
Lacking interest or excitement; dull (لوس، کسل‌کننده).
“His mundane, humdrum existence”.
Of this earthly world rather than a heavenly or spiritual one (دنیوی، مادی).
“According to the Shinto doctrine, spirits of the dead can act upon the mundane world”.
Being/feeling blue
Idiom:
Be depressed or sad; feeling or showing sadness (احساس ناراحتی و افسردگی کردن).
“You might feel blue after a breakup, a loss, or a failure”.
Schoolchild
/ˈskuːltʃʌɪld/
Noun:
A child attending school (دانش‌آموز).
“The schoolchild was eager to learn new things from his teacher”.
- Stimulant
/ˈstɪmjʊlənt/ - Stimulus
(plural Noun: stimuli)
-
Noun:
A substance such as caffeine, nicotine, or cocaine that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body (ماده‌ی محرک عصبی).
“It is a stimulant that has a direct effect on the nervous system”.
Adjective:
Raising levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body (افزایشگر سطح فعالیت عصبی یا روانی بدن).
“Caffeine has stimulant effects on the heart”. -
Noun:
-A thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue (هر چیز یا رویداد محرک).
“Areas of the brain which respond to auditory stimuli”.
-An interesting and exciting quality (ویژگی مشوق و محرک).
“She loved the stimulus of the job”.
- Deficit
/ˈdɛfɪsɪt/ - Deficiency
/dɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nsi/
The difference between deficit and deficiency depends on the context, but generally speaking, deficit refers to a lack of something that is required for a specific purpose or goal, while deficiency refers to a lack of something that is essential for normal functioning.
-
Noun:
- The amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small (کمبود).
“A budget deficit occurs when a government spends more in a given year than it collects in revenues, such as taxes”.
- (in sport) the amount or score by which a team or individual is losing (کسری).
“A 3–0 deficit”. -
Noun:
- A lack or shortage (کمبود).
“Deficiencies in material resources”.
- A failing or shortcoming (شکست، کاستی).
“For all its deficiencies it remains his most powerful play”.
Object
Noun:
/ˈɒbdʒɪkt,ˈɒbdʒɛkt/
A material thing that can be seen and touched (شی).
“He was dragging a large object”.
A person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed (موضوع).
“Disease became the object of investigation”.
A goal or purpose (هدف).
“The Institute was opened with the object of promoting scientific study”.
GRAMMAR
A noun or noun phrase governed by an active transitive verb or by a preposition (مفعول).
“In Gaelic the word order is verb, subject, object”.
Verb:
/əbˈdʒɛkt/
Say something to express one’s opposition to or disagreement with something (مخالفت کردن با، اعتراض کردن به).
“Residents object to the volume of traffic”.
Pupil
/ˈpjuːpl/
Noun:
A person who is taught by another, especially a schoolchild or student in relation to a teacher (شاگرد).
“They are former pupils of the school”.
The dark circular opening in the centre of the iris of the eye, which varies in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina (مردمک چشم).
“Your pupils are dilated”.
Tempo
/ˈtɛmpəʊ/
Noun:
The speed at which a passage of music is or should be played (تُندا، ضرب آهنگ).
The rate or speed of motion or activity; pace (میزان و سرعت فعالیت).
“The tempo of life dictated by a heavy workload”.
Evolve
/ɪˈvɒlv/
Verb:
Develop gradually (فرگشتن، تدریجی تکامل یافتن).
“The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer”.
(With reference to an organism or biological feature) develop over successive generations as a result of natural selection (تکامل یافتن از طریق گزینش طبیعی).
“The domestic dog is thought to have evolved from the wolf”.
Give off (gas or heat) (منتشر شدن، حاصل شدن، ساطع شدن).
“The energy evolved during this chemical change is transferred to water”.
Quarrel
/ˈkwɒrəl/
Noun:
A heated argument or disagreement, typically about a trivial issue and between people who are usually on good terms (نزاع، مباحثه، ستیز، پرخاش).
“She made the mistake of picking a quarrel with John”.
Verb:
Have a heated argument or disagreement (نزاع کردن، مباحثه کردن).
“Stop quarrelling with your sister”.
Pet
/pɛt/
Noun:
A domestic or tamed animal kept for companionship or pleasure (حیوان خانگی).
“The pony was a family pet”.
Vehemently
/ˈviːɪm(ə)ntli/
Adverb:
In a forceful, passionate, or intense manner; with great feeling (پرشور، پرحرارت، به شدت).
“He vehemently denied any suggestion of improper conduct”.
Distress
/dɪˈstrɛs/
Noun:
Extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain (درد، غم، پریشانی).
“To his distress he saw that she was trembling”.
(Law) another term for distraint (مصادره).
Verb:
Cause (someone) anxiety, sorrow, or pain (آزردن، زحمت دادن، مضطرب کردن).
“I didn’t mean to distress you”.
Give (furniture or clothing) simulated marks of age and wear (فرسودن قلابی لباس و مبلمان).
“The manner in which leather jackets are industrially distressed”.
Wit
/wɪt/
Noun:
The capacity for inventive thought and quick understanding; keen intelligence (هوش، عقل، ذکاوت).
“She does not lack perception or native wit”.
A natural aptitude for using words and ideas in a quick and inventive way to create humor (بذله‌گو، شوخ).
“His caustic wit cuts through the humbug”.
Good sense (ذکاوت، زرنگی).
“I had the wit to realize that the only way out was up”.
That is to say (used to be more specific about something already referred to) (به طوری که می‌توان گفت).
“The textbooks show an irritating parochialism, to wit an almost total exclusion of papers not in English”.
Phrase:
Be at one’s wits’ end:
be overwhelmed with problems and at a loss as to what to do next (طاقت کسی طاق شدن).
“I’m almost at my wits’ end trying to cope with these demands”.
Be scared out of one’s wits:
Be extremely frightened (زهره‌ترک شدن، از ترس قبض روح شدن).
Gather one’s wits:
Allow oneself to think calmly and clearly in a demanding situation (خود را جمع کردن، فکر و ذهن را متمرکز کردن).
“All she needed was a minute of two to gather her wits”.
Have one’s wits about one:
Be constantly alert and vigilant (هوشیار و حواس‌جمع بودن).
“A signalman had to have his wits about him”.
Live by one’s wits:
Earn money by clever and sometimes dishonest means, having no regular employment (کسب درآمد با زرنگی و تیزبازی).
“He lived by his wits and was involved with many shady characters”.
Pit one’s wits against:
Compete mentally with (مقایسه کردن هوش و زیرکی با).
“They formed themselves into teams to pit their wits against each other”.
Inmate
/ˈɪnmeɪt/
Noun:
A person confined to an institution such as a prison or hospital (زندانی، محبوس، بستری اجباری).
“Inmates of the Louisiana State Penitentiary”.
(Archaic) One of several occupants of a house (اهل بیت، سکنه).
Incarcerate
/ɪnˈkɑːsəreɪt/
Verb:
Imprison or confine (زندانی کردن، حبس کردن).
“Many are incarcerated for property offences”.
Take issue
Phrase of issue:
To adopt or express an opposed or contrary view or position; disagree (موضع‌گیری).
“Though a barbecuing Southerner may take issue, Texas-style and Korean barbecue have much in common”.
Usually used with with:
“She takes issue with the notion of crime as unique to contemporary society”.
Moderate
Adjective:
/ˈmɒd(ə)rət/
Average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree (متوسط، میانه، اعتدال).
“We walked at a moderate pace”.
OPP: Immoderate (افراط).
Noun:
/ˈmɒd(ə)rət/
A person who holds moderate views, especially in politics (میانه‌رو).
“An unlikely alliance of radicals and moderates”.
Verb:
/ˈmɒdəreɪt/
Make or become less extreme, intense, rigorous, or violent (تعدیل کردن).
“I shall not moderate my criticism”.
Crave
/kreɪv/
Verb:
Feel a powerful desire for (something) (اشتیاق داشتن).
“If only she had shown her daughter the love she craved”.
Run after
Phrase of run:
Persistently seek to acquire or attain something (پیگیری بودن، ممارست کردن).
“Businesses which have spent years running after the baby boom market”.
Seek the company of a potential sexual or romantic partner (دنبال کسی بودن).
“Right from his school days, girls have been running after him”.
Ivory tower
/ˈī-v(ə-)rē-ˈtau̇(-ə)r/
Idiom:
The phrase “ivory tower” is a metaphor for a place or attitude of retreat, remoteness from everyday affairs, or intellectual isolation. It is often used to describe academics, artists, or writers who are out of touch with the practical concerns of ordinary people (کنج عزلت، هپروت).
“He criticized the government for being too detached from reality and living in an ivory tower”.
“The book was written by some college professor who’s spent her entire professional life in an ivory tower”.
Ivory: عاج.
Juggernaut
/ˈdʒʌɡ.ɚ.nɑːt/
Noun:
A huge, powerful, and overwhelming force (خردکننده، نیروی عظیم منهدم کننده).
“The juggernaut of public expenditure”.
Stratum
/ˈstreɪt̬.əm/
[substratum]
[/səbˈstræt̬.əm/]
Noun:
(plural noun: strata; substrata)
A layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground (قشر، لایه).
“A stratum of flint”.
A level or class to which people are assigned according to their social status, education, or income (رتبه، طبقه).
“Members of other social strata”.
[Noun:
An underlying layer or substance, in particular a layer of rock or soil beneath the surface of the ground (زیرلایه).
“The plant will grow very rapidly and send out runners above the substratum”.
A foundation or basis of something (پی، پایه، اساس).
“There is a broad substratum of truth in her story”.]
Up till now
Phrase:
Previously, before this moment, in the past (تا کنون).
Up until now, I had not had any problems with the computer, but it has just stopped working.
Tweak and tinker
Phrase:
Make small changes or adjustments to something, usually in an attempt to improve or fix it (دستکاری، انگولک، ور رفتن).
“I need to tweak and tinker with this code until it works properly”.
Amoeba
/əˈmiː.bə/
Noun:
A very small, simple organism consisting of only one cell (آمیب، تک‌سلولی).
“The biologist observed the amoeba under the microscope and recorded its behavior”.
Plural:
Amoebae
/əˈmiː.biː/
Flint
/flɪnt/
Noun:
(A piece of) stone or metal used in a musket to make it fire or in a cigarette lighter to produce a flame or (a piece of) shiny grey or black stone that is like glass (سنگ چخماق).
“The early settlers also found a ready supply of flints in the chalk cliffs”.
Superfluous
/suːˈpɝː.flu.əs/
Adjective:
Unnecessary, especially through being more than enough (زائد، زیادی).
“The purchaser should avoid asking for superfluous information”.
Conservative
/kənˈsɝː.və.t̬ɪv/
Adjective:
Averse to change or innovation and holding traditional values (محافظه‌کار).
“He’s a very conservative dresser.”
(Of dress or taste) sober and conventional (سنتی).
“A conservative suit”.
(In a political context) favouring free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas; right-wing (راست‌گرا).
“In 1951, the Conservatives were returned to power”.
Noun:
A person who is averse to change and holds traditional values (سنت‌گرا).
“She was raised in a conservative family with strict values”.
A person favouring free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas (راست‌گرا).
“The conservatives won the election by a narrow margin”.
Inasmuch as
Phrase:
To the extent that; insofar as (تا جایی که).
“These provisions apply only inasmuch as trade between Member States is affected”.
Considering that; since (used to specify the respect in which a statement is true) (از آنجایی که).
“It was not really a still life inasmuch as all the objects were in motion”.
Dispense
/dɪˈspens/
(Dispense with)
Verb:
Distribute or provide (a service or information) to a number of people (توزیع کردن).
“Orderlies went round dispensing drinks”.
Manage without or get rid of (صرف‌نظر کردن).
“Let’s dispense with the formalities, shall we?”.
Phrase:
Dispense with someone’s services:
Dismiss someone from a job (از کار و خدمات عزل کردن).
“The club have no option but to dispense with his services”.
Surf
/sɝːf/
Noun:
The mass or line of foam formed by waves breaking on a seashore or reef (کف موج روی خط ساحل، خیزاب دریاکنار).
“The roar of the surf”.
A spell of surfing (موج سواری).
“He went for an early surf”.
Verb:
Stand or lie on a surfboard and ride on a wave towards the shore (موج سواری کردن).
“He’s learning to surf”.
“He has built a career out of surfing big waves”.
Move from page to page or site to site on (the World Wide Web) (وب‌گردی).
“The device allows you to surf the net and send emails”.
Envision
/ɪnˈvɪʒ.ən/
Verb:
Imagine as a future possibility; visualize (تصور کردن، تجسم کردن، در رویا دیدن).
“She envisioned the admiring glances of guests seeing her home”.
Fathom
/ˈfæð.əm/
Noun:
A unit of length equal to six feet (1.8 metres), chiefly used in reference to the depth of water (واحد دریایی معادل ۱/۸ متر).
“Sonar says that we’re in eighteen fathoms”.
Verb:
Understand (a difficult problem or an enigmatic person) after much thought (دریافتن، با تفکر بسیار کشف کردن).
“The locals could not fathom out the reason behind his new-found prosperity”.
Measure the depth of (water) (عمق آب را اندازه گرفتن).
“An attempt to fathom the ocean”.
——————
Unfathomable: ژرف، غیرقابل درک،درک‌نشدنی، غیرقابل عمق‌سنجی.
Implication
/ˌɪm.pləˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Noun:
The conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not explicitly stated (مفهوم، پیامد).
“The implication is that no one person at the bank is responsible”.
The action or state of being involved in something (دخالت، نقش، مسئولیت).
“Our implication in the problems”.
Upheaval
/ʌpˈhiː.vəl/
Noun:
A violent or sudden change or disruption to something (تحول، انقلاب، آشوب).
“Major upheavals in the financial markets”.
An upward displacement of part of the earth’s crust (حرکت پوسته زمین رو به بالا).
“The first upheaval produced a hill which was called Roof Mountain”.
Worthwhile
/ˌwɝːθˈwaɪl/
Adjective:
Worth the time, money, or effort spent; of value or importance (ازنده، ارزشمند، مفید).
“Extra lighting would make a worthwhile contribution to road safety”.
Subsume
/səbˈsuːm/
Verb:
Include or absorb (something) in something else (گنجاندن، شامل کردن، درج کردن).
“Most of these phenomena can be subsumed under two broad categories”.
Eccentric
/ɪkˈsen.trɪk/
Adjective:
(Of a person or their behaviour) unconventional and slightly strange (عجیب و غریب).
“He noted her eccentric appearance”.
Not placed centrally or not having its axis or other part placed centrally (ناهم‌مرکز).
“A servo driving an eccentric cam”.
Noun:
A person of unconventional and slightly strange views or behaviour (عجیب، خیره‌سر، غیرعادی).
“He’s seen as a local eccentric”.
A disc or wheel mounted eccentrically on a revolving shaft in order to transform rotation into backward-and-forward motion, e.g. a cam in an internal combustion engine (صفحه یا چرخی که برای تبدیل حرکت دورانی به حرکت رفت و برگشتی، بر روی یک محور، به صورت غیرهم‌مرکز نصب شده است).
Foible
/ˈfɔɪ.bəl/
Noun:
A minor weakness or eccentricity in someone’s character (نقطه ضعف).
“They have to tolerate each other’s little foibles”.
In fencing, the part of a sword blade from the middle to the point (نیمه‌ی بالایی شمشیر).
Kink
Noun:
A sharp twist or curve in something that is otherwise straight (پیچ‌خوردگی، تابیدگی).
“A kink in the road”.
North American:
A crick in the neck (انقباض گردنی).
Verb:
Form or cause to form a sharp twist or curve (پیچ خوردن، تابیدن).
“The river kinks violently in a right angle”.
And then some
Phrase of some:
Informal
And plenty more than that (و بسی بسیار، و بیشتر).
“We got our money’s worth and then some”.
Commonplace
/ˈkɑː.mən.pleɪs/
Adjective:
Not unusual; ordinary (عادی، معمولی).
“Unemployment was commonplace in his trade”.
Noun:
A usual or ordinary thing (معمول، رایج).
“Bombing has become almost a commonplace of public life there”.
A trite saying or topic; a platitude (مبحث مبتذل، کلیشه).
“It is a commonplace to talk of the young being alienated”.
Trite: مبتذل
Platitude: پیش پا افتاده
Sprinkle
/ˈsprɪŋ.kəl/
Verb:
Cover (an object or surface) with small drops or particles of a substance (افشاندن، شپوختن).
“I sprinkled the floor with water”.
Rain very lightly (نم‌نم باریدن).
“It began to sprinkle”.
Noun:
A small quantity or amount of something scattered over an object or surface (افشانش).
“A generous sprinkle of pepper”.
A light rain (نم‌نم باران).
“The rain grew from a mere sprinkle to a respectable drizzle”.
Garbled
/ˈɡɑːr.bəld/
Adjective:
(Of a message, sound, or transmission) confused and distorted; unclear (درهم، آشفته، مخدوش).
“I got a garbled set of directions”.
Laggard
/ˈlæɡ.ɚd/
Noun:
A person who makes slow progress and falls behind others (کُند، تنبل).
“Staff were under enormous pressure and there was no time for laggards”.
Adjective:
Slower than desired or expected (عقب مانده، جا مانده، وامانده).
“A bell to summon laggard children to school”.
Revolve
/rɪˈvɑːlv/
Verb:
Move in a circle on a central axis (چرخیدن، دوران).
“Overhead, the fan revolved slowly”.
Move in a circular orbit around (در مدار چرخیدن).
“The earth revolves around the sun”.
Treat as the most important element (محور و مرکزیت چیزی بودن).
“Their whole lives revolved around the company”.
Testament
/ˈtes.tə.mənt/
Noun:
A person’s will, especially the part relating to personal property (وصیت‌نامه).
“Father’s will and testament”.
Something that serves as a sign or evidence of a specified fact, event, or quality (شاهد، گواهی).
“Growing attendance figures are a testament to the event’s popularity”.
A division of the Bible (هر یک از عهود انجیل).
The Old Testament God:
Jehovah (یهوه), the son of God Jesus Christ.
خدای عهد عتیق یا یهوه که برخی وی را همان عیسی مسیح (فرزند خدا) می‌دانند؛ یهوه خدای اسرائیل.
Livestock
/ˈlaɪv.stɑːk/
Noun:
Farm animals regarded as an asset ( احشام، دام و طیور).
“Markets for the trading of livestock”.
Yield
/jiːld/
Verb:
Produce or provide (a natural, agricultural, or industrial product) (تولید کردن، محصول دادن).
“The land yields grapes and tobacco”.
Give way to arguments, demands, or pressure (راه‌دادن، تن دادن، کناره‌گیری کردن).
“The Western powers now yielded when they should have resisted”.
Relinquish possession of (واگذار کردن، فاش کردن).
“They might yield up their secrets”.
(Of a mass or structure) give way under force or pressure (در هم شکستن، وا دادن).
“He reeled into the house as the door yielded”.
Noun:
An amount produced of an agricultural or industrial product (حجم تولیدی، بازده).
“The milk yield was poor”.
Insecticide
/ɪnˈsek.tə.saɪd/
Noun:
A substance used for killing insects (حشره‌کش).
“The use of chemical insecticides”.
Outstrip
/ˌaʊtˈstrɪp/
Verb:
Move faster than and overtake (someone else) (پیشی گرفتن، جلو زدن).
“During the morning warm-up, he once again outstripped the field”.
Exceed (فراتر رفتن، پیشی گرفتن).
“Supply far outstripped demand”.
Parch
/pɑːrtʃ/
Verb:
Make or become dry through intense heat (با حرارت خشکاندن، تفتیدن).
“A piece of grassland parched by the sun”.
Roast (corn, peas, etc.) lightly (برشته کردن، بریان کردن).
Deity
/ˈdiː.ə.t̬i/
Noun:
A god or goddess (in a polytheistic religion) (الهه، ایزد، رب‌النوع).
“A deity of ancient Greece”.
Divine status, quality, or nature (خدایی، ماهیت الهی).
“A ruler driven by delusions of deity”.
The creator and supreme being (in a monotheistic religion such as Christianity) (خدا).
noun: Deity; noun: the Deity
“She raised her head as if appealing to the Deity presiding over the church”.
Desalination
/diːˌsæl.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
Noun:
The process of removing salt from seawater (نمک‌زدایی).
“The newly constructed plant for the desalination of seawater remains inoperative”.
Faculty
/ˈfæk.əl.t̬i/
Noun:
An inherent mental or physical power (استعداد، موهبت، قدرت ذاتی).
“Her critical faculties”.
A group of university departments concerned with a major division of knowledge (دانشکده).
“The Faculty of Arts”.
A licence or authorization from a Church authority (مجوز صادر شده از کلیسا).
“The vicar introduced certain ornaments without the necessary faculty to do so”.
Cyberspace
/ˈsaɪ.bɚ.speɪs/
Noun:
The notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs (فضای مجازی).
“I stayed in cyberspace for just a few minutes”.
Wonder of wonders
Phrase:
A happening, an event, a pleasing circumstance, results beyond one’s wildest dream or expectation (خارق‌العا‌ه، در مخیله نگنجیدن).
“Winning the five million dollar jackpot with the purchase of only one ticket was a wonder of wonders”
Revolt
/rɪˈvoʊlt/
Verb:
Take violent action against an established government or ruler; rebel (شورش کردن، انقلاب کردن).
“The Iceni revolted and had to be suppressed”.
Cause to feel disgust (منزجر کردن، بیزار کردن).
“He was revolted by the stench that greeted him”.
Noun:
An attempt to end the authority of a person or body by rebelling (شورش، انقلاب، طغیان).
“A revolt against oppressive rule”.
Antic
/ˈæn.tɪk/
Adjective:
Grotesque or bizarre (مزحک و مسخره).
“Such an antic comedy does not need to be realistic”.
Innumerable
/ɪˈnuː.mɚ.ə.bəl/
Adjective:
Too many to be counted (often used hyperbolically) (بی‌شمار، بی‌حد و حصر. استفاده‌ی اغراق‌آمیز).
“Innumerable flags of all colours”.
Become irrelevant
Somebody (especially older people) losing their importance or influence in a particular area or field (بی‌اهمیت، بیگانه با دنیا).
“A friend once told me that what she fears most about growing old is becoming irrelevant, turning into a nostalgic old woman who cannot understand the world around her, or contribute much to it”.
Nostalgic person
/nɑːˈstæl.dʒɪk/ /ˈpɝː.sən/
Phrase:
Someone who feels or inspires nostalgia, which is a longing for or thinking fondly of a past time or condition (مشتاق و در آرزوی خاطرات و روزهای گذشته، کسی که با خاطرات و دلتنگی‌های دوران گذشته تنهاست).
“He was a nostalgic person who always talked about the good old days”.
Devout
/dɪˈvaʊt/
Adjective:
Having or showing deep religious feeling or commitment (مذهبی، متدین، مومن).
“She was a devout Catholic”.
Totally committed to a cause or belief (متعهد، متعصب).
“the most devout environmentalist”
Grasp
/ɡræsp/
Verb:
Seize and hold firmly (محکم در چنگ گرفتن).
“She grasped the bottle”.
Noun:
A firm hold or grip (چنگ).
“The child slipped from her grasp”.
Timescale
/ˈtaɪm.skeɪl/
Noun:
The time allowed for or taken by a process or sequence of events (مهلت زمانی، محدوده‌ی زمانی).
“Climatic changes on a timescale of thousands of years”.
A scale used to represent periods of time (مقیاس زمانی، جدول زمانی).
“The question was how to keep these timescales synchronized”.
Academic grant
An academic grant is a type of financial aid that is given to students, researchers, or educational institutions to support their academic activities. It is usually provided by government agencies, foundations, corporations, or educational institutions themselves. Unlike loans, grants do not have to be repaid (کمک هزینه‌ی تحصیلی، بورسیه).
“She applied for an academic grant to fund her research project on renewable energy sources”.
Squeak
/skwiːk/
Noun:
A short, high-pitched sound or cry (جیر جیر).
“The door opened with a slight squeak”.
Verb:
Make a high-pitched sound or cry (جیر جیر کردن).
“He oiled the hinges to stop them squeaking”.
Shriek
/ʃriːk/
Noun:
A high-pitched piercing cry or sound; a scream (جیغ جیغ).
“Shrieks of laughter”.
Verb:
Utter a high-pitched piercing sound or words, especially as an expression of terror, pain, or excitement (جیغ و داد کردن).
“The audience shrieked with laughter”.
Buzz
/bʌz/
Noun:
A low, continuous humming or murmuring sound, made by or similar to that made by an insect (وزوز).
“The buzz of the bees”.
An atmosphere of excitement and activity (هیاهو).
“There is a real buzz about the place”.
Verb:
Make a low, continuous humming sound (وزوز کردن).
“Mosquitoes were buzzing all around us”.
Move quickly or busily (فرفره‌وار حرکت کردن).
“She buzzed along the M1 back into town”.
Mumble
/ˈmʌm.bəl/
Verb:
Say something indistinctly and quietly, making it difficult for others to hear (پچ پچ کردن، زمزمه کردن).
“He mumbled something she didn’t catch”.
Bite or chew (something) with toothless gums or without making much use of the teeth (مِک زدن، مزه مزه کردن).
“She mumbled a piece of black bread”.
Noun:
A quiet and indistinct utterance (زمزمه، پچ پچ).
“Rosie had replied in a mumble”.
Grumble
/ˈɡrʌm.bəl/
Verb:
Complain about something in a bad-tempered way (غرغر کردن).
“‘I’m getting old,’ she grumbled”.
Make a low rumbling sound (ژکیدن).
“Thunder was grumbling somewhere in the distance”.
Noun:
A complaint (غرغر).
“The main grumble is that he spends too much time away”.
A low rumbling sound (خُرخُر).
“In the distance, I heard a grumble of thunder”.
Whoop
/wuːp/
Noun:
A loud cry of joy or excitement (هورا).
“A moment’s silence was followed by whoops of delight”.
A long rasping indrawn breath, characteristic of whooping cough (خس‌خس سرفه).
Verb:
Give or make a whoop (غوغا کردن).
“All at once they were whooping with laughter”.
Admit
/ədˈmɪt/
Verb:
Confess to be true or to be the case (اقرار کردن، اعتراف کردن، قبول کردن).
“The Home Office finally admitted that several prisoners had been injured”.
Allow (someone) to enter a place (اجازه ورود دادن).
“Old-age pensioners are admitted free to the museum”.
Receive (a patient) into a hospital for treatment (پذیرش بیمار، بستری کردن).
“She was admitted to hospital suffering from a chest infection”.
Accept as valid (معتبر شمردن).
The courts can refuse to admit police evidence that has been illegally obtained”.
Allow the possibility of (اجازه دادن، ممکن بودن، جایز بودن).
“The need to inform him was too urgent to admit of further delay”.
Pastime
/ˈpæs.taɪm/
Noun:
An activity that someone does regularly for enjoyment rather than work; a hobby (سرگرمی، تفریح، اتلاف وقت به قصد تفریح).
“His favorite pastimes were shooting and golf”.
Aghast
/əˈɡæst/
Adjective:
Filled with horror or shock (مبهوت، وحشت‌زده).
“She winced, aghast at his cruelty”.
Breakthrough
/ˈbreɪk.θruː/
Noun:
A sudden, dramatic, and important discovery or development (پیشرفت مهم و غیرمنتظره).
“A major breakthrough in DNA research”
Denoting a symptomatic case of a disease occurring despite preventative medication, vaccination, or prior infection (وقوع یک بیماری علی‌رغم اقدامات پیشگیرانه).
“We’re seeing more and more of these breakthrough infections”.
Inextricable
Adjective:
Impossible to disentangle or separate (لاینحل، حل نشدنی).
“The past and the present are inextricable”.
Impossible to escape from (ناگشودنی، مخمصه‌وار، تنگنا، هچل).
“An inextricable situation”.
Paraplegic
/ˌper.əˈpliː.dʒɪk/
Adjective:
Affected by or relating to paralysis of the legs and lower body (فلج از ناحیه‌ی پایین تنه).
“A paraplegic war veteran”
Noun:
A person affected by paralysis of the legs and lower body (فلج از ناحیه‌ی پایین تنه).
“Researchers hope the treatment might enable paraplegics to walk again”.
Know-how
/ˈnoʊ.haʊ/
Noun:
Practical knowledge or skill; expertise (فوت و فن).
“Technical know-how”.
Transpire
/trænˈspaɪɚ/
Verb:
(Of a secret or something unknown) come to be known; be revealed (آشکار شدن، معلوم شدن، فاش شدن).
“It transpired that millions of dollars of debt had been hidden in a complex web of transactions”.
Occur; happen (روی دادن).
“I’m going to find out exactly what transpired”.
Prove to be the case (کاشف به عمل آمدن).
“As it transpired, he was right”.
Impotence
/ˈɪm.pə.t̬əns/
Noun:
Inability to take effective action; helplessness (ناتوانی، عجز).
“People speak constantly of their social and political impotence”.
Inability in a man to achieve an erection or orgasm (ناتواتی جنسی).
“Few men suffering from impotence feel confident enough to ask their GP for advice”.
Specimen
/ˈspes.ə.mɪn/
Noun:
An individual animal, plant, piece of a mineral, etc. used as an example of its species or type for scientific study or display (نمونه).
“Specimens of copper ore”.
A sample for medical testing, especially of urine (نمونه آزمایشگاهی به ویژه ادرار).
INFORMAL
Used to refer humorously to a person or animal (شخص، آدم، فرد).
“Carla could not help feeling a degree of reluctant admiration for this odd female specimen”.
Explicit
/ɪkˈsplɪs.ɪt/
Adjective:
Stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt (صریح، واضح).
“The arrangement had not been made explicit”.
(Of a person) stating something in an explicit manner (صریح، رک).
“Let me be explicit”.
Describing or representing sexual activity in a graphic fashion (سانسور نشده).
“A sexually explicit blockbuster”.
Noun:
The closing words of a manuscript, early printed book, or chanted liturgical text (کلام پایانی، حسن ختام).
Offspring
/ˈɑːf.sprɪŋ/
Noun:
A person’s child or children (فرزند، نسل، اولاد).
“The offspring of middle-class parents”.
An animal’s young (بچه‌ی حیوان).
The product or result of something (ماحصل).
“Child hunger is the offspring of political indfference, unaccountable governance, and economic mismanagement”.
In vitro
/ˌɪn ˈviː.troʊ/
Adverb or Adjective:
Outside the living body and in an artificial environment (برون‌تن، آزمایشگاهی).
“In June, Herron revealed that the couple decided to move ahead with the next step in trying to grow their family after a long in vitro fertilization (IVF) journey”.
Ubiquitous
/juːˈbɪk.wə.t̬əs/
Adjective:
Present, appearing, or found everywhere (همه جایی، هر جا حاضر، همه‌گیر، فراگیر).
“His ubiquitous influence was felt by all the family”.
Less than optimal
/ˈɑːp.tə.məl/
Phrase:
Suboptimal
/sʌbˈɑːp.tə.məl/
Not at the best possible level, of less than the highest standard or quality (غیربهینه).
“Suboptimal working conditions”.
“The test results show the patient is in less than optimal health”.
Allele
/əˈliːl/
Noun: GENETICS
Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome (آلل، دگره).
“The allele found in Europeans is dominant in West Asia, and present as frequencies as high as ~50% as far south and east as Sri Lanka”.
Apocryphal
/əˈpɑː.krə.fəl/
Adjective:
(Of a story or statement) of doubtful authenticity, although widely circulated as being true (جعلی، مشکوک، ساختگی).
“There is an apocryphal story about a disgraced rock star who ended up in bankruptcy court”.
Of or belonging to the Apocrypha (مربوط به کتب دینی کاذبه).
“The apocryphal Gospel of Thomas”
Anecdote
/ˈæn.ɪk.doʊt/
Noun:
A short amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person (حکایت، مَثَل).
“He told anecdotes about his job”.
An account regarded as unreliable or hearsay (شایعه).
“His wife’s death has long been the subject of rumour and anecdote”.
The depiction of a minor narrative incident in a painting (تصویر یا نقاشی روایت‌گر).
“The use of inversions of hierarchy, anecdote, and paradox by Magritte, Dali, and others”.
Laureate
/ˈlɔːr.i.ət/
Noun:
A person who is honoured with an award for outstanding creative or intellectual achievement (شخص برجسته‌ی تکریم شده).
“A Nobel laureate”
Adjective:
Wreathed with laurel as a mark of honor (تاج‌گل‌دار به نشانه افتخار).
Eugenics
/juːˈdʒen.ɪks/
Noun:
The study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable. Developed largely by Sir Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, eugenics was increasingly discredited as unscientific and racially biased during the 20th century, especially after the adoption of its doctrines by the Nazis in order to justify their treatment of Jews, disabled people, and other minority groups (اصلاح نژاد شناسی یا علم اصلاح نژاد).
Embryo
/ˈem.bri.oʊ/
Noun:
An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development, in particular a human offspring during the period from approximately the second to the eighth week after fertilization (after which it is usually termed a fetus*) (رویان، جنین).
*Fetus: جنین.
A thing at a rudimentary stage that shows potential for development (آغازین، نو پا).
“A simple commodity economy is merely the embryo of a capitalist economy”.
Stem-cell
/ˈstem ˌsel/
Noun:
Cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body (سلول بنیادی).
“Stem cell research is advancing fast”.
Iterate
/ˈɪt̬.ə.reɪt/
Verb:
Perform or utter repeatedly (تکرار کردن، مرتبا گفتن).
“The bird’s call is a monotonously iterated single note”.
Noun:
A quantity arrived at by iteration (فرآیند تکرار ریاضی یا ایتریشن**).
Dystopia
/dɪˈstoʊ.pi.ə/
Noun:
An imagined state or society in which there is great suffering or injustice, typically one that is totalitarian or post-apocalyptic (ویران‌شهر یا مدینه‌ی فاسده).
“Environmental disaster is the backdrop to this modern dystopia”.
OPP: utopia.
Problematic
/ˌprɑː.bləˈmæt̬.ɪk/
Adjective:
Constituting or presenting a problem (غامض، دشوار، مشکل‌ساز).
“The situation was problematic for teachers”.
A thing that constitutes a problem (چالش، مساله، مشکل).
“The problematics of artificial intelligence”.
Organelle
/ˌɔːr.ɡənˈel/
Noun:
Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell (اندامک).
“The organelles are key to a cell’s growth and metabolism”.
Feasible
/ˈfiː.zə.bəl/
Adjective:
Possible to do easily or conveniently (شدنی، عملی، امکان‌پذیر).
“It is not feasible to put most finds from excavations on public display”.
Likely; probable (محتمل، ممکن).
“The most feasible explanation”.
Warrant
/ˈwɔːr.ənt/
Noun:
A document issued by a legal or government official authorizing the police or another body to make an arrest, search premises, or carry out some other action relating to the administration of justice (حکم جلب).
“Magistrates issued a warrant for his arrest”.
Justification or authority for an action, belief, or feeling (دلیل، توجیه).
“There is no warrant for this assumption”.
Verb:
Justify or necessitate (a course of action) (ایجاب کردن، ملزم بودن).
“The employees feel that industrial action is warranted”.
Officially affirm or guarantee (ضمانت کردن، تعهد کردن).
“The vendor warrants the accuracy of the report”.
Phrase:
I warrant
Used to express the speaker’s certainty about something (قول می‌دهم که).
“I’ll warrant you’ll thank me for it in years to come”.
Amend
/əˈmend/
Verb:
Make minor changes to (a text, piece of legislation, etc.) in order to make it fairer or more accurate, or to reflect changing circumstances (به‌سازی اسناد و قوانین، ترمیم کردن).
“The rule was amended to apply only to non-members”.
Improve the texture or fertility of (soil) (بافت و باروری خاک را بهبود دادن).
“Amend your soil with peat moss or compost”.
Phrase:
Make amends — compensate or make up for a wrongdoing (جبران کردن، کفاره دادن).
“Try to make amends for the rude way you spoke to Lucy”.
Noun:
Amendment
اصلاحیه اسناد و قوانین، بهبود بافت و باروری خاک، متمم قانون
Hassle
/ˈhæs.əl/
Noun:
Irritating inconvenience (دردسر، مجادله).
“All the hassle involved in travel”.
A disagreement or quarrel (جر و بحث، نزاع).
“An election-year hassle with farmers”.
Verb:
Subject (someone) to harassment or pressure to do something; harass or pester (آزار دادن، اذیت کردن).
“You want to sit and relax and not get hassled”.
Autism
/ˈɑː.tɪ.zəm/
Noun:
A neurodevelopmental condition of variable severity with lifelong effects that can be recognized from early childhood, chiefly characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behaviour (اوتیسم).
“Students with autism want to be accepted like every other student”.
Chronic
/ˈkrɑː.nɪk/
Adjective:
(Of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring (مزمن).
“Chronic bronchitis”.
Of a very poor quality (بی‌کیفیت).
“The film was absolutely chronic”.
Continuing or occurring again and again for a long time (مکرر، مداوم).
Intervention
/ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈven.ʃən/
Noun:
The action or process of intervening (مداخله، دخالت).
“A high degree of state intervention in the economy”
Interference by a state in another’s affairs (مداخله‌ی سیاسی).
“The government was reported to be considering military intervention”.
Action taken to improve a medical disorder (اقدامات درمانی).
“Two patients were referred for surgical intervention”.
Sunny disposition
Phrase:
Cheerful and happy (خوش و خرم).
“Here he explains why fair weather equals a sunny disposition”.
Psyche
/ˈsaɪ.ki/
Noun:
The human soul, mind, or spirit (ذات، روح، روان).
“Their childhood made them want to understand the human psyche and to help others”.
Verb:
psych/psyche
Mentally prepare (someone) for a testing task or occasion (از نظر روانی آماده کردن).
“He had to psych himself for a tough conversation with his wife”.
Analyze (something) in psychological terms (آنالیز روانی کردن).
“Mother had it all psyched out in three minutes”.
Subject (someone) to psychological investigation or psychotherapy (بر روی کسی آنالیز روانی انجام دادن).
“He’s been psyched to the best of our skill”.
Momentous
/məˈmen.t̬əs/
Adjective:
Of great importance or significance, especially in having a bearing on future events (مهم، خطیر، اَهَم).
“A period of momentous changes in East–West relations”.
Peripheral
/pəˈrɪf.ɚ.əl/
Adjective:
Relating to or situated on the edge or periphery of something (جانبی، محیطی، حاشیه‌ای).
“The peripheral areas of Europe”.
(Of a device) able to be attached to and used with a computer, though not an integral part of it (دستگاه جانبی).
“A peripheral control processor”.
Noun:
A peripheral device (لوازم جانبی).
“Printers and other peripherals”.
——————
Periphery: حاشیه، پیرامون، کران، جوانب، حول‌و‌حوش.
Clutch
/klʌtʃ/
Verb:
Grasp (something) tightly (محکم چیزی را گرفتن، چنگ انداختن).
“He stood clutching a microphone”
Noun:
A tight grasp (چنگ).
“She made a clutch at his body”.
A mechanism for connecting and disconnecting an engine and the transmission system in a vehicle, or the working parts of any machine (کلاچ خودرو).
“She let the clutch in and the car surged forward”.
Adjective:
(In sport) denoting or occurring at a critical situation in which the outcome of a game or competition is at stake (حساس، حیاتی).
“They both are hard-nosed players who seem to thrive in clutch situations”.
Alienate
/ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/
Verb:
Make (someone) feel isolated or estranged (جدایی انداختن، گریزان کردن، راندن، بیگانه کردن، ناخوشنود کردن).
“An urban environment which would alienate its inhabitants”.
Law
Transfer ownership of (property rights) to another person or group (واگذاری مالکیت).
“They defended the Masai against attempts to alienate their land”.
Prevalent
/ˈprev.əl.ənt/
Adjective:
Widespread in a particular area or at a particular time (متداول، شایع، مرسوم).
“The social ills prevalent in society today”.
Seedy
/ˈsiː.di/
Adjective:
Sordid and disreputable (بدنام، پست، کثیف).
“His seedy affair with a soft-porn starlet”.
Shabby and squalid (کهنه، محقر، فرسوده، مخروبه).
“An increasingly seedy and dilapidated property”.
Patently
/ˈpæ.tənt.li/
Adjective:
Clearly; without doubt (آشکارا، به‌وضوح).
“These claims were patently false”.
Woe
/woʊ/
Noun:
Great sorrow or distress (often used hyperbolically) (پریشانی، غم، فلاکت).
“He related his tale of woe to me”.
Things that cause sorrow or distress; troubles (بلا، گرفتاری، مصیبت).
“To add to his woes, customers have been spending less”.
Beat/turn swords into ploughshares/plowshare
/ˈplaʊ.ʃer/
Idiom:
To change to a peaceful way of life and spend money on peaceful things rather than weapons (this idiom comes from the Bible*) (آتش جنگ را فرونشاندن و مصالحه کردن، کدورت‌ها را فراموش کردن و دوست شدن).
“Only once the last sword is beaten into a ploughshare should we turn our minds to the next big thing”.
* They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation,neither shall they learn war any more (باشد که شمشیرهای خویش را به گاوآهن، و نیزه‌ها را به داسغاله تبدیل کنند؛ باشد که ملتی بر ملتی شمشیر از نیام بر نکشد و جنگ را نیز زین پس نیاموزد.).
Shack
/ʃæk/
Noun:
A roughly built hut or cabin (کوخ، آلونک).
Verb:
Move in or live with someone as a lover (زیستن با کسی به عنوان معشوقه).
“They won’t believe I’ve shacked up with someone so good-looking”.
Manifesto
/ˌmæn.əˈfes.toʊ/
Noun:
A public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate (بیانیه‌ی سیاسی، اعلامیه‌ی سیاسی).
“He may fudge key issues in the Labour manifesto”.
Oblivious
/əˈblɪv.i.əs/
Adjective:
Not aware of or concerned about what is happening around one (بی‌خبر، بی‌اعتنا، بی‌تفاوت).
“She became absorbed, oblivious to the passage of time”.
Engender
/ɪnˈdʒen.dɚ/
Verb:
Cause or give rise to (a feeling, situation, or condition) (تشدید کردن، ایجاد کردن).
“The issue engendered continuing controversy”.
Obsolete
/ˌɑːb.səlˈiːt/
Adjective:
No longer produced or used; out of date (منسوخ، کهنه).
“The disposal of old and obsolete machinery”.
Verb:
Cause (a product or idea) to become obsolete by replacing it with something new (منسوخ کردن، کنار گذاشتن).
“We’re trying to stimulate the business by obsoleting last year’s designs”.
Hypothetical
/ˌhaɪ.pəˈθet̬.ɪ.kəl/
Adjective:
Based on or serving as a hypothesis (فرضی).
“Let us take a hypothetical case”.
Noun:
A hypothetical proposition or statement (فرضیه).
“Officials refuse to discuss military policy except in coy hypotheticals”.
Proletariat
Noun:
Working-class people regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism) (طبقه‌ی کارگر مارکسیستی، رنجبران).
“The growth of the industrial proletariat”.
Former
/ˈfɔːr.mɚ/
Adjective:
Having previously been a particular thing (اسبق، قبلی، پیشین، سابق‌الذکر).
“Her former boyfriend”
Denoting the first or first mentioned of two people or things (اولی از دو مورد).
“I take the former view”
Firebrand
/ˈfaɪr.brænd/
Noun:
A person who is very passionate about a particular cause (شخص مشتاق به آرمانی خاص، آتش‌پاره، شورش‌انگیز).
“A political firebrand”.
A piece of burning wood (اخگر، مشعل).
“With firebrands in their hands, they ran to the murderers’ houses, determined to burn them down”.
Adherent
/ədˈhɪr.ənt/
Noun:
Someone who supports a particular party, person, or set of ideas (هوادار، پیرو، طرفدار).
“He was a strong adherent of monetarism”.
Adjective:
Sticking fast to an object or surface (چسبناک، چسبنده).
“The eggs have thick sticky shells to which debris is often adherent”.
Peruse
/pəˈruːz/
Verb:
Read (something), typically in a thorough or careful way (به تفصیل خواندن، به دقت مطالعه کردن).
“He has spent countless hours in libraries perusing art history books and catalogues”.
Examine carefully or at length (به دقت بررسی کردن).
“Laura perused a Caravaggio”.
Urchin
/ˈɝː.tʃɪn/
Noun:
A young child who is poorly or raggedly dressed (کودک فقیر و بد لباس).
“He was surrounded by a dozen street urchins in rags”.
Short for sea urchin (توتیا).
A hedgehog (جوجه‌تیغی).
Diehard
/ˈdaɪ.hɑːrd/
Noun:
A person who strongly opposes change or who continues to support something in spite of opposition (سرسخت، قُد).
“A diehard Yankees fan”.
Phrase of die:
Die hard
Disappear or change very slowly (به سختی تغییر کردن یا از بین رفتن).
“Old habits die hard”.
Prognosis
/prɑːɡˈnoʊ.sɪs/
Noun:
The likely course of a medical condition (درمان احتمالی).
“The disease has a poor prognosis”.
An opinion, based on medical experience, of the likely course of a medical condition (تشخیص پزشکی).
“It is very difficult to make an accurate prognosis”.
A forecast of the likely outcome of a situation (پیش‌بینی).
“Gloomy prognoses about overpopulation”.
Demise
/dɪˈmaɪz/
Noun:
A person’s death (مرگ، وفات).
“Mr Grisenthwaite’s tragic demise”.
The end or failure of an enterprise or institution (نابودی، شکست).
“The demise of industry”.
Law
Conveyance or transfer of property or a title by will or lease (انتقال مالکیت از طریق وصیت یا اجازه).
Verb:
Convey or grant (an estate) by will or lease (منتقل کردن مالکیت).
“the manor and the mill were demised for twenty-one-year terms”
Transmit (a sovereign’s title) by death or abdication (انتقال دادن سلطنت).
Motto
/ˈmɑː.t̬oʊ/
Noun:
A short sentence or phrase chosen as encapsulating the beliefs or ideals of an individual, family, or institution (شعار، بیان رایج).
“The family motto is ‘Faithful though Unfortunate’”.
Music
A phrase which recurs throughout a musical work and has some symbolical significance (بَند ترجیع یا بَند گردان).
“They were developing the use of leitmotifs or mottoes that appear throughout an opera”.
Lot
/lɑːt/
Adverb:
A great deal; much (زیاد، بسیار، فراوان).
“He played tennis a lot last year”.
Noun:
Informal
A particular group or set of people or things (دسته، مجموعه، گروه).
“It’s just one lot of rich people stealing from another”.
British
A group of a specified kind (used in a derogatory or dismissive way) (توده، خروار، مُشت، گلّه).
“An inefficient lot, our Council”.
An item or set of items for sale at an auction (اجناس حراجی).
“Nineteen lots failed to sell”.
The making of a decision by random selection, especially by a method involving the choice of one from a number of pieces of folded paper, one of which has a concealed mark (قرعه‌کشی).
“Officers were elected rather than selected by lot”.
one of a set of objects such as straws, stones, or pieces of paper that are randomly selected as part of a decision-making process (قرعه).
“They drew lots to determine the order in which they asked questions”.
The choice resulting from deciding something by lot (نتیجه‌ی قرعه‌کشی).
“Eventually the lot fell on the King’s daughter”.
A person’s luck, situation, or destiny in life (بخت، اقبال، تقدیر، قسمت، سرنوشت، رفاه، خوشبختی).
“Schemes to improve the lot of the disadvantaged”.
A plot of land assigned for sale or for a particular use (قطعه زمین).
“A vacant lot”.
Verb:
Divide (items) into lots for sale at an auction (تقسیم کردن اجناس حراجی).
“The contents have already been lotted up, and the auction takes place on Monday”.
Consciousness
/ˈkɑːn.ʃəs.nəs/
Noun:
The state of being aware of and responsive to one’s surroundings (هوشیاری).
“She failed to regain consciousness and died two days later”.
A person’s awareness or perception of something (آگاهی، توجه، بصیرت).
“Her acute consciousness of Luke’s presence”.
The fact of awareness by the mind of itself and the world (شناخت، ضمیر، آگاهی).
“Consciousness emerges from the operations of the brain”.
Integrate
/ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡreɪt/
Verb:
Combine (one thing) with another to form a whole (ادغام کردن، ترکیب کردن، درآمیختن).
“Transport planning should be integrated with energy policy”.
Bring (people or groups with particular characteristics or needs) into equal participation in or membership of a social group or institution (دخیل کردن، عضو کردن).
“Integrating children with special needs into ordinary schools”.
Naught
/nɑːt/
Adverb:
Nothing (هیچ).
“He’s naught but a worthless fool”.
Noun:
The digit 0; nought (عدد صفر، ۰).
Phrase:
Bring to naught:
Ruin or foil (نقش بر آب کردن، از وقوع چیزی جلوگیری کردن).
Come to naught:
Be ruined or foiled (نقش بر آب شد).
“His hopes of becoming commissioner have come to naught”.
Set at naught: (Archaic)
Disregard or despise (هیچ و پوچ انگاشتن، بی‌ارزش و اهمیت انگاشتن).
“Your efforts are set at naught by those beneath you”.
“Why are you setting my efforts at naught?”.
Engulf
/ɪnˈɡʌlf/
Verb:
(Of a natural force) sweep over (something) so as to surround or cover it completely (فراگرفتن، شایع شدن).
“The cafe was engulfed in flames”.
Powerfully affect (someone); overwhelm (شدیدا تحت تاثیر قرار دادن، غرقه کردن).
“A feeling of anguish so great that it threatened to engulf him”.
Consign
/kənˈsaɪn/
Verb:
Deliver (something) to a person’s keeping (سپردن).
“He consigned three paintings to Sotheby’s”.
Send (goods) by a public carrier (ارسال امانی مرسوله).
“The package was consigned by a famous sporting goods company”.
Put someone or something in (a place) in order to be rid of it or them (برای خلاص شدن از کسی یا چیزی، آن را جایی گذاشتن).
“She consigned the letter to the waste-paper basket”.
Leisure
/ˈliː.ʒɚ/
Noun:
Time when one is not working or occupied; free time (اوقات فراغت).
“People with too much enforced leisure”.
Use of free time for enjoyment (تفریح).
“Increased opportunities for leisure”.
Opportunity afforded by free time to do something (مجال).
“Writers with enough leisure to practise their art”.
Phrase:
At leisure:
not occupied; free (وقت آزاد، فارغ).
“The rest of the day can be spent at leisure”.
In an unhurried manner (فراغ بال، بدون عجله).
“The poems were left for others to read at leisure”.
Meteorologist
/ˌmiː.t̬i.əˈrɑː.lə.dʒɪst/
Noun:
An expert in or student of meteorology; a weather forecaster (هواشناس).
“Meteorologists predict rain for the rest of the week”.
Avert
/əˈvɝːt/
Verb:
Turn away (one’s eyes or thoughts) (چشم برگرداندن، منحرف کردن افکار).
“She averted her eyes while we made stilted conversation”.
Prevent or ward off (an undesirable occurrence) (پیشگیری کردن، دفع کردن).
“Talks failed to avert a rail strike”.
Precipitate
/prɪˈsɪp.ə.teɪt/
Verb:
/prɪˈsɪp.ə.teɪt/
Cause (an event or situation, typically one that is undesirable) to happen suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely (سبب وقوع ناگهانی، ناخواسته یا دائمی چیزی شدن).
“The incident precipitated a political crisis”.
Cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution (باعث رسوب یا ته‌نشینی شدن).
“Cell proteins were then precipitated and washed in 10% trichloroacetic acid”.
Adjective:
/priːˈsɪp.ə.t̬ət/
Done, made, or acting suddenly or without careful consideration (عجولانه، شتابان، نسنجیده).
“I must apologize for my staff—their actions were precipitate”
Occurring suddenly or abruptly (وقوع غیرمنتظره).
“A precipitate decline in Labour fortunes”.
Noun:
/priːˈsɪp.ə.t̬ət/
A substance precipitated from a solution (مُتَراسِب، هرآنچه که رسوب می‌کند).
“The chemical reaction produced a white precipitate that settled at the bottom of the beaker”.
Broaden
/ˈbrɑː.dən/
Verb:
Become larger in distance from side to side; widen (گستردن، وسیع کردن).
“Her smile broadened”.
Expand to encompass more people or things (وسعت یافتن، در بر گرفتن).
“Her interests broadened as she grew up”.
Immutable
/ɪˈmjuː.t̬ə.bəl/
Adjective:
Unchanging over time or unable to be changed (تغییر ناپذیر، پایدار).
“An immutable fact”
Oppress
/əˈpres/
Verb:
Keep (someone) in subjection and hardship, especially by the unjust exercise of authority (ستم کردن، مطیع کردن، سرکوب کردن).
“A system which oppressed working people”.
Oppression (Noun): ظلم، ستم، اجهاف، بیداد.
Patriarchy
/ˈpeɪ.tri.ɑːr.ki/
Noun:
A system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is reckoned through the male line (پدرسالاری، مردسالاری).
“The thematic relationships of the ballad are worked out according to the conventional archetypes of the patriarchy”.
Commemorate
/kəˈmem.ə.reɪt/
Verb:
Recall and show respect for (someone or something) (یاد کردن، بزرگداشتن).
“A wreath-laying ceremony to commemorate the war dead”.
Mark or celebrate (an event or person) by doing or producing something (یادبود گرفتن، زنده نگه‌داشتن).
“The victory was commemorated in songs”.
Aristocracy
/ˌer.əˈstɑː.krə.si/
Noun:
The highest class in certain societies, typically comprising people of noble birth holding hereditary titles and offices (طبقه‌ی اشراف).
“Members of the aristocracy”.
A form of government in which power is held by the nobility (حکومت اشرافی).
Graze
/ɡreɪz/
Verb:
(Of cattle, sheep, etc.) eat grass in a field (چراندن، چریدن).
“Cattle graze on the open meadows”.
Scrape and break the surface of the skin of (a part of the body) (خراشیدن).
“She fell down and grazed her knees”.
Noun:
A slight injury where the skin is scraped (خراش).
“Cuts and grazes on the skin”.
Trample
/ˈtræm.pəl/
Verb:
Tread on and crush (لگدمال کردن، پامال کردن).
“The fence had been trampled down”.
Noun:
An act or the sound of trampling (صدای پایمال و لگدمال، لگد).
“She felt a surge of fear as the crowd’s trample grew louder”.
Turf
/tɝːf/
Noun:
Grass and the surface layer of earth held together by its roots (لایه‌ی خاک و چمن، سیاخاک).
“They walked across the springy turf”.
Horse racing or racecourses generally (مسابقه‌ی اسب‌دوانی یا میدان آن).
“He spent his money gambling on the turf”.
Verb:
Cover (a patch of ground) with turf (سیاخاک‌پوشی کردن).
“The plot of land has been turfed”.
Chateau
/ʃætˈoʊ/
Noun:
Plural noun: chateaux /ʃæˈtoʊ, -ˈtoʊz/
A large French country house or castle, often giving its name to wine made in its neighborhood (شاتو، کاخ یا قلعه‌ی اطراف شهر در دوران فئودالیته فرانسه).
“The chateau lay a little to the north of the village”.
Status
/ˈsteɪ.t̬əs/
Noun:
Relative social or professional position; standing (جایگاه، مقام، شان).
“An improvement in the status of women”.
The situation at a particular time during a process (وضعیت، چگونگی).
“An update on the status of the bill”.
Extravaganza
/ɪkˌstræv.əˈɡæn.zə/
Noun:
An elaborate and spectacular entertainment or production (مفرط، پر رزق و برق، چشم‌گیر، اغراق‌آمیز، گزاف، افراط).
“An extravaganza of dance in many forms”.
——————
Extravagant: مسرف، ولخرج، افراطی.
Setting
/ˈset̬.ɪŋ/
Noun:
The place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place (صحنه، محیط، سن).
“A romantic house in a wonderful setting beside the River Wye”.
A piece of metal in which a precious stone or gem is fixed to form a piece of jewelry (رکاب جواهر).
“A garnet in a heavy gold setting”.
A speed, height, or temperature at which a machine or device can be adjusted to operate (تنظیمات).
“If you find the room getting too hot, check the thermostat setting”.
Short for place setting (ست غذاخوری و پذیرایی).
Venue
/ˈven.juː/
Noun:
The place where something happens, especially an organized event such as a concert, conference, or sports competition (محل برگزاری، مکان، انجام‌گاه).
“The club is the city’s main venue for live music”.
LAW
The jurisdiction within which a criminal or civil case may or must be heard (محل دادرسی، حوزه‌ی قضایی).
Stern
/stɝːn/
Adjective:
(Of a person or their manner) serious and unrelenting, especially in the assertion of authority and exercise of discipline (عبوس، بدعنق، خشن، سرسخت).
“A smile transformed his stern face”.
(Of an act or statement) strict and severe (سخت‌گیر، خمش‌ناپذیر، شدید، خشونت‌آمیز).
“Stern measures to restrict vehicle growth”.
(Of competition or opposition) putting someone or something under extreme pressure (تحت فشار و شرایط سخت).
“The past year has been a stern test of the ability of British industry”.
Noun:
The rearmost part of a ship or boat (انتهای کشتی یا قایق).
“He stood at the stern of the yacht”.
HUMOROUS
A person’s bottom (باسن).
“My stern can’t take too much sun”
Desecrate
/ˈdes.ə.kreɪt/
Verb:
Treat (a sacred place or thing) with violent disrespect (هتک حرمت کردن).
“More than 300 graves were desecrated”.
Spoil (something which is valued or respected) (تخریب کردن چیزی باارزش).
“Many lanes are desecrated with yellow lines”.
Guillotine
/ˈɡɪl.ə.tiːn/
Noun:
A machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people (گیوتین).
Verb:
Execute (someone) by guillotine (اعدام با گیوتین).
Makeshift
/ˈmeɪk.ʃɪft/
Adjective:
Acting as an interim and temporary measure (سردستی، موقتی).
“Arranging a row of chairs to form a makeshift bed”.
Noun:
A temporary substitute or device (جایگزین موقت، رفع کُتی).
“They slept on a makeshift of straw and blankets”.
Phrase of shift:
Make shift
Do what one wants to do in spite of not having ideal conditions (انجام کار دلخواه علی‌رغم نبود شرایط ایده‌آل).
Meticulous
/məˈtɪk.jə.ləs/
Adjective:
Showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise (موشکاف، پر وسواس، بسیار دقیق).
“The designs are hand-glazed with meticulous care”.
Spick-and-span
Phrase:
Neat, clean, and well looked after (تر و تمیز، آراسته).
“My little house is spick and span”.
Rite
/raɪt/
Noun:
A religious or other solemn ceremony or act (آیین، مناسک، تشریفات مذهبی).
“The rite of communion”.
A social custom, practice, or conventional act (مراسم، رسوم).
“The British family Christmas rite”.
Liturgy
/ˈlɪt̬.ɚ.dʒi/
Noun:
A form or formulary according to which public religious worship, especially Christian worship, is conducted (نیایش‌سرایی، آیین عشای ربانی، مناجات‌نامه، آیین نماز، آیین عبادی).
“The Church of England liturgy”.
Ascertain
/ˌæs.ɚˈteɪn/
Verb:
Find (something) out for certain; make sure of (محرز کردن، اثبات کردن، مطمئن ساختن).
“An attempt to ascertain the cause of the accident”.
Maize
/meɪz/
Noun:
A Central American cereal plant that yields large grains (corn or sweetcorn) set in rows on a cob. The many varieties include some used for stockfeed and corn oil (ذرت، بلال).
“The villagers cultivate mostly maize and beans”.
Manure
/məˈnʊr/
Noun:
Animal dung used for fertilizing land (کود، سرگین، کود حیوانی).
“Plenty of fully rotted horse manure can be dug in this fall”.
Verb:
Apply manure to (land) (کود دادن).
“The ground should be well dug and manured”.
Craze
/kreɪz/
Noun:
An enthusiasm for a particular activity or object which appears suddenly and achieves widespread but short-lived popularity (شوق، جنون، شیدایی).
“The new craze for step aerobics”.
Verb:
Make (someone) insane or wildly out of control (مجنون کردن، دیوانه کردن).
“Crazed by hunger, the population began to turn on the rebels”.
Produce a network of fine cracks on (a surface) (تَرَکچه زدن، شیار انداختن).
“The loch was frozen over but crazed with cracks”.
Hark
/hɑːrk/
Verb:
Listen (گوش دادن، شنیدن).
“Hark! He knocks”.
Stupendous
/stuːˈpen.dəs/
Adjective:
Extremely impressive (بهت‌آور، حیرت‌انگیز، شگفت‌انگیز).
“The most stupendous views”.
Bequeath
/bɪˈkwiːð/
Verb:
Leave (property) to a person or other beneficiary by a will (به ارث گذاشتن، با وصیت اهدا کردن).
“He bequeathed his art collection to the town”.
Pass (something) on or leave (something) to someone else (واگذار کردن، وقف کردن).
“He ditched the unpopular policies bequeathed to him”.
Pepper
/ˈpep.ɚ/
Noun:
A pungent hot-tasting powder prepared from dried and ground peppercorns, used as a spice or condiment to flavour food (فلفل).
“Season to taste with salt and pepper”.
A capsicum, especially a sweet pepper (فلفل دلمه‌ای).
Verb:
Sprinkle or season (food) with pepper (فلفل زدن، طعم‌دار کردن).
“I salted and peppered the beef before I browned it”.
Cover or fill with a liberal amount of scattered items (افشاندن، پاشیدن).
“The script is peppered with four-letter words”.
Dilemma
/dɪˈlem.ə/
Noun:
A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially ones that are equally undesirable (ذوالحَدَّیْن، شرایط انتخاب سخت بین چندین جایگزین غیردلخواه، دوراهی، قیاس دو حدی).
“He wants to make money, but he also disapproves of it: Den’s dilemma in a nutshell”.
A difficult situation or problem (معضل، تنگنا، وضعیت دشوار).
“The insoluble dilemma of adolescence”.
An argument forcing an opponent to choose either of two unfavourable alternatives (مناظره‌ای که حریف را ملزم به انتخاب بین بد و بدتر می‌کند).
Taken aback
Phrasal verb:
To surprise or shock (someone); usually used as (be) taken aback (یکه خوردن، جا خوردن، شکه شدن).
“When I told him my answer, he seemed taken aback”.
-often + by
“He was taken aback by her answer”.
Hubris
/ˈhjuː.brɪs/
Noun:
Excessive pride or self-confidence (غرور، تکبر).
“The self-assured hubris among economists was shaken in the late 1980s”.
(in Greek tragedy) excessive pride towards or defiance of the gods, leading to nemesis (بادسری، دشمنی با خدایان یونان به دلیل غرور و تکبر).
Long-standing
/ˌlɑːŋˈstæn.dɪŋ/
Adjective:
Having existed or continued for a long time (از دیرگاه، دیرین، از مدت‌ها پیش).
“A long-standing tradition”.
Geriatric
/ˌdʒer.iˈæt.rɪk/
Adjective:
Relating to old people, especially with regard to their healthcare (سالمندی، مربوط به سالمندان نیازمند نگهداری).
“A geriatric hospital”.
Noun:
An old person who is receiving special care (سالمند).
“A rest home for geriatrics”.
Ward
/wɔːrd/
Noun:
A separate room in a hospital, typically one allocated to a particular type of patient (بخش بیمارستانی).
“A children’s ward”.
An administrative division of a city or borough that typically elects and is represented by a councillor or councillors (منطقه یا ناحیه‌ی شهری).
“The second most marginal ward in Westminster”.
Verb:
Admit to or care for in a hospital ward (در بیمارستان پذیرش یا مراقبت کردن).
“The last of the accident victims was warded”.
ARCHAIC
Guard; protect (محافظت کردن، نگهبانی کردن، پاسداری کردن).
“It was his duty to ward the king”.
Phrase:
Ward off — prevent someone or something from harming or affecting one (دفع کردن، از خود دور کردن، جلوگیری کردن).
“She put up a hand as if to ward him off”.
Disintegration
/ˌdɪs.ɪn.t̬əˈɡreɪ.ʃən/
Noun:
The process of losing cohesion or strength (از هم پاشی، واپاشی، فروریختگی).
“The twin problems of economic failure and social disintegration”.
The process of coming to pieces (تجزیه، فروپاشی، واگرایی).
“The disintegration of infected cells”.
Archetype
/ˈɑːr.kə.taɪp/
Noun:
A very typical example of a certain person or thing (نمونه‌ی کامل، الگوی راستین، نمونه‌ی اولیه).
“He was the archetype of the old-style football club chairman”.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
(In Jungian theory) a primitive mental image inherited from the earliest human ancestors, and supposed to be present in the collective unconscious (کهن‌الگو در فلسفه‌ی یونگ).
Creed
/kriːd/
Noun:
A system of religious belief; a faith (کیش، آیین، مرام، فرقه).
“People of many creeds and cultures”.
a formal statement of Christian beliefs, especially the Apostles’ Creed or the Nicene Creed (اعتقادات و فرقه‌های مسیحی مثل آپاسُلز).
“The godparents will then swear that they believe in the Creed and the Commandments”.
A set of beliefs or aims which guide someone’s actions (عقیده، باور).
“Not everyone follows a creed of acceptance and understanding”.
Predicament
/prəˈdɪk.ə.mənt/
Noun:
A difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation (مخمصه، تنگنا، گیرودار).
“The club’s financial predicament”.
(In Aristotelian logic) each of the ten ‘categories’, often listed as: substance or being, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, posture, having or possession, action, and passion (هر یک از ده مقوله‌ی تفکر ارسطویی).
Cataclysm
/ˈkæt̬.ə.klɪ.zəm/
Noun:
A large-scale and violent event in the natural world (دگرگونی و فاجعه‌ی عظیم طبیعی).
“The cataclysm at the end of the Cretaceous Period”.
A sudden violent political or social upheaval (فاجعه‌ی خشونت‌بار سیاسی اجتماعی).
“The cataclysm of the First World War”.
Scrutiny
/ˈskruː.t̬ən.i/
Noun:
Critical observation or examination (موشکافی، ژرف‌نگردی، وارسی).
“The policy came under scrutiny last month”.
