The Data Religion

Question 1

Confluence
/ˈkɑːn.fluː.əns/

Answer 1

Noun:
The junction of two rivers, especially rivers of approximately equal width (هم‌ریزگاه، محل تلاقی دو رودخانه).
“The confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss”

An act or process of merging (تلاقی، الحاق، ادغام).
“A major confluence of the world’s financial markets”.

Question 2

Holy grail
/ˌhoʊ.li ˈɡreɪl/

Answer 2

Noun:
(In medieval legend) the cup or platter used by Christ at the Last Supper, and in which Joseph of Arimathea received Christ’s blood at the Cross. Quests for it undertaken by medieval knights are described in versions of the Arthurian legends written from the early 13th century onward (جام مقدس).

A thing that is eagerly pursued or sought after (هدف غایی، غایت مطلوب، آرمان).
“A cure for the common cold is the medical holy grail”

Question 3

Elude
/iˈluːd/

Answer 3

Verb:
Escape from or avoid (a danger, enemy, or pursuer), typically in a skilful or cunning way (در رفتن، با زرنگی اجتناب کردن، جیم زدن، با حیله گریختن، از چنگ گریختن).
“He tried to elude the security men by sneaking through a back door”.

Avoid compliance with (a law or penalty) (از چنگ قانون گریختن).
“We need to ensure that bad cases do not elude tough penalties”.

(Of an achievement or something desired) fail to be attained by (someone) (عدم موفقیت در به دست آوردن چیزی مطلوب یا یک دست‌آورد).
“Sleep still eluded her”.

(Of an idea or fact) fail to be understood or remembered by (someone) (ایده یا حقیقتی را درک نکردن یا فراموش کردن، تفکری غیرقابل هضم).
“The logic of this eluded most people”.

Question 4

Overarching
/ˌoʊ.vɚˈɑːr.tʃɪŋ/

Answer 4

Adjective:
Comprehensive or all-embracing (جهان شمول، فراگیر).
“A single overarching principle”.

——————
Overarch
Verb:
Form an arch over (بر فراز چیزی طاق قوسی زدن).
“An old dirt road, overarched by forest”.

To be central or decisive in; dominate (مسلط بودن، چیره بودن).
“An utterance which overarches the whole conception of the play”.

Question 5

Rift
/rɪft/

Answer 5

Noun:
A crack, split, or break in something (شکاف، ترک، چاک، بریدگی).
“The wind had torn open a rift in the clouds”.

GEOLOGY
A major fault* separating blocks of the earth’s surface; a rift valley (کافت یا ریفت، جدایی لایه‌های سطحی زمین به وسیله‌ی گسل، دره‌ی حاصل از کافت).
*Fault: گسل.

A serious break in friendly relations (دو دستگی، تفرقه، جدایی در دوستی، اختلاف).
“The rift between the two branches of the legal profession”.

Verb:
Break apart or become separated through faulting caused by plate tectonics (کافتن، جدا شدن لایه‌های سطحی زمین به وسیله‌ی گسل حاصل از حرکت صفحات زمین).
“The Indian landmass rifted from Madagascar about 90 million years ago”.

Question 6

Entrench
/ɪnˈtrentʃ/

Answer 6

Verb:
Establish (an attitude, habit, or belief) so firmly that change is very difficult or unlikely (ریشه دواندن، نهادینه شدن، جاگیر شدن، در تار و پود چیزی نفوذ کردن).
“Ageism is entrenched in our society”.

Establish (someone) in a position of great strength or security (بر اریکه‌ی قدرت نشستن).
“By 1947 de Gaulle’s political opponents were firmly entrenched in power”.

Apply extra legal safeguards* to (a right guaranteed by legislation) (پادمان کردن).
“Steady progress was made in entrenching the individual rights of noblemen” (پیشرفت مداومی برای پادمان نمودن حقوق فردی اشراف‌زادگان حاصل شد).
*Safeguard: پادمان.

Establish (a military force) in trenches or other fortified positions (سنگرگیری کردن، سنگربندی کردن، سنگر گرفتن).
“The corps was now fully entrenched on the Right Bank”.

ARCHAIC
Encroach or trespass on (تعرض کردن، دست‌اندازی کردن، تجاوز کردن).
“Concessions which entrenched so deeply on the honour and dignity of the Crown”.

Question 7

Prolific
/prəˈlɪf.ɪk/

Answer 7

Adjective:
(Of a plant, animal, or person) producing much fruit or foliage or many offspring (پربار، بارور).
“In captivity tigers are prolific breeders”.

(Of an artist, author, or composer) producing many works (خالق آثار فراوان).
“He was a prolific composer of operas”.

Present in large numbers or quantities; plentiful (وافر، فراوان).
“Mahogany was once prolific in the tropical forests”.

Question 8

Disperse
/dɪˈspɝːs/

Answer 8

Verb:
Distribute or spread over a wide area (پخش شدن یا کردن، پراکندن).
“Storms can disperse seeds via high altitudes”.

Go or cause to go in different directions (متفرق شدن یا کردن، پراکنده کردن یا شدن جمعیت).
“The crowd dispersed”.

Question 9

Coffer
/ˈkɑː.fɚ/

Answer 9

Noun:
A strongbox or small chest for holding valuables (صندوق، خزانه).
“A battered leather coffer sealed with a waxen crest”.

The funds or financial reserves of an organization (بودجه، اعتبار).
“There is not enough money in the coffers to finance the reforms”.

Question 10

Namely
/ˈneɪm.li/

Answer 10

Adverb:
That is to say*; to be specific (used to introduce detailed information or a specific example) (یعنی، به عنوان مثال، قیدی برای بیان جزئیات یا ارائه‌ی توضیحات است).
“The menu makes good use of Scottish produce, namely game and seafood”.
*That is to say: به عبارت دیگر.

Question 11

Utilize
/ˈjuː.t̬əl.aɪz/

Answer 11

Verb:
Make practical and effective use of (بهره‌برداری کردن، استفاده کردن، مورد استفاده قرار دادن، به طور موثر به کار گرفتن).
“Vitamin C helps your body utilize the iron present in your diet”.

Question 12

Fly in the face of
/flaɪ/

Answer 12

Phrase:
Be openly at variance with (what is usual or expected) (کاملا متضاد بودن با، با چیزی منطقی شدیدا مخالفت کردن).
“A need to fly in the face of convention”.

Question 13

Progeny
/ˈprɑː.dʒə.ni/

Answer 13

Noun:
A descendant or the descendants of a person, animal, or plant; offspring (فرزند، اخلاف، سلاله).
“Shorthorn cattle are highly effective in bestowing their characteristics on their progeny”.

Question 14

Heathen
/ˈhiː.ðən/

Answer 14

Noun:
A person who does not belong to a widely held religion (especially one who is not a Christian, Jew, or Muslim) as regarded by those who do (کافر، مشرک، لامذهب).
“My brother and I were raised, as my grandma puts it, as heathens”.

INFORMAL
A person regarded as lacking culture or moral principles (مجاز از بی‌فرهنگ و بی‌اخلاق).
“Eat your chips, you little heathen!”.

Adjective:
Relating to heathens (مشرکانه، بت‌پرستانه).
“Heathen practices”.

Question 15

Apparatchik
/ˌɑː.pəˈrɑː.tʃɪk/

Answer 15

Noun:
HISTORICAL
A member of a Communist Party apparat (عضو حرب کمونیست).
“A former apparatchik in the Communist Party, she became a diplomat”.

——————
Apparat
Noun:
The administrative system of a communist party, especially in a communist country (دستگاه مجریه‌ی حزب کمونیست).

Question 16

Cartload
/ˈkɑːrt.loʊd/

Answer 16

Noun:
The amount held by a cart (به اندازه‌ی ظرفیت گاری).
“A cartload of hay”.

INFORMAL
A large quantity or number of people or things (خروار، به وفور، حجم زیادی از مردم یا اشیا).
“Drunken yobbos who turned up by the cartload”.
“We threw out cartloads of rubbish when we moved”.

Question 17

Resuscitate
/rɪˈsʌs.ə.teɪt/

Answer 17

Verb:
Revive (someone) from unconsciousness or apparent death (احیا کردن، به هوش آوردن، زنده کردن).
“An ambulance crew tried to resuscitate him”.

Make (something) active or vigorous again (احیا کردن، بازفعال کردن، نجات دادن).
“Measures to resuscitate the ailing economy”.

Question 18

Moribund
/ˈmɔːr.ɪ.bʌnd/

Answer 18

Adjective:
(Of a person) at the point of death (رو به مرگ، در حال نزع، در سکرات موت، در حال احتضار).
“On examination she was moribund and dehydrated”.

(Of a thing) in terminal decline; lacking vitality or vigor (رو به زوال، در حال نابودی).
“The moribund commercial property market”.

Question 19

Erode
/ɪˈroʊd/

Answer 19

Verb:
(Of wind, water, soil, rock, land, or other natural agents) gradually wear away (soil, rock, or land) (فرسودن، فرسایش یافتن، فرسوده شدن).
“The cliffs on this coast have been eroded by the sea”.
“Soft sedimentary rocks have eroded away”.

Gradually destroy or be gradually destroyed (از بین بردن، تحلیل رفتن، ساب رفتن، به مرور نابود شدن یا کردن).
“This humiliation has eroded what confidence Jean has”.

Question 20

Inception
/ɪnˈsep.ʃən/

Answer 20

Noun:
The establishment or starting point of an institution or activity (تکوین، سرآغاز، پیدایش).
“She has been on the board since its inception two years ago”.

Question 21

Cumbersome
/ˈkʌm.bɚ.səm/

Answer 21

Adjective:
Large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; unwieldy (لش و سنگین، ثقیل و کندحرکت).
“Cumbersome diving suits”.

Slow or complicated and therefore inefficient (دست‌وپاگیر، کند و پیچیده و ناکارا، بطئی).
“Organizations with cumbersome hierarchical structures”.

Question 22

Hare
/her/

Answer 22

Noun:
A fast-running, long-eared mammal that resembles a large rabbit, having very long hind legs and typically found in grassland or open woodland (خرگوش صحرایی).

Verb:
BRITISH
Run with great speed (به سرعت دویدن).
“He hared off between the trees”.

Question 23

Judging by/from
/dʒʌdʒ/

Answer 23

(also to judge by/from)
Phrase:
Used to express the reasons why you have a particular opinion (براساس، با توجه به).
“Judging by what he said, I think it’s very unlikely that he’ll be able to support your application”.
“To judge by his angry gestures, he hasn’t taken the news very well”.

Question 24

Botch
/bɑːtʃ/

Answer 24

Verb:
Carry out (a task) badly or carelessly (سمبل کردن، ناشیانه کار کردن، سرهم‌بندی کردن).
“He was accused of botching the job”.
“We botched (up) our first attempt at wallpapering the bathroom”.

Noun:
A bungled task (خراب‌کاری، گنده‌کاری).
“I’ve probably made a botch of things” (احتمالا به همه چی گند زدم).

Question 25

Steal a march on
/stiːl/

Answer 25

Phrase:
Gain an advantage over (someone) by acting before they do (گوی سبقت را ربودن، پیشی گرفتن).
“Stores that open on Sunday are stealing a march on their competitors”.

Question 26

Cybernetics
/ˌsaɪbəˈnetɪks/

Answer 26

Noun:
The science of communications and automatic control systems in both machines and living things (فرمان‌شناسی، علم ارتباطات و سیستم‌های کنترل خودکار هم در ماشین‌ها و هم در موجودات زنده).
“The paper deals with the ways in which cybernetics can be made use of in industry, particularly where the development, design, and even construction of computer systems is involved”.

Question 27

Pertinent
/ˈpɝː.tən.ənt/

Answer 27

Adjective:
Relevant or applicable to a particular matter; apposite (مرتبط، درخور، بجا، مناسب).
“She asked me a lot of very pertinent questions”.

Question 28

Pounce
/paʊns/

Answer 28

Verb:
(Of an animal or bird of prey) spring or swoop suddenly so as to catch prey (جهیدن یا شیرجه زدن ناگهانی برای گرفتن شکار).
“As he watched, a mink* pounced on the vole*”.
*mink: مینک، نوعی راسو.
*Vole: وُل، نوعی موش.

(Of a person) spring forward suddenly so as to attack or seize someone or something (یورش بردن، حمله‌ور شدن، قاپیدن، به چنگ آوردن).
“The gang pounced on him and knocked him to the ground”.

Notice and take swift advantage of a mistake or sign of weakness (آتو گرفتن، از ضعف یا خطای کسی سواستفاده کردن).
“The paper pounced on her admission that she is still a member of CND”.

Noun:
A sudden swoop or spring (یورش، جهش، شیرجه).

ARCHAIC
A bird’s claw (چنگال پرنده).

Question 29

Counterpart
/ˈkaʊn.t̬ɚ.pɑːrt/

Answer 29

Noun:
A person or thing that corresponds to or has the same function as another person or thing in a different place or situation (همتا).
“The minister held talks with his French counterpart”.

LAW
One of two copies of a legal document (رونوشت).

Question 30

Despot
/ˈdes.pət/

Answer 30

Noun:
A ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way (جبار، خودکامه، بیدادگر، ظالم، مستبد).
“An evil despot”.

Question 31

Bereft
/bɪˈreft/

Answer 31

Adjective:
Deprived of or lacking (something) (محروم).
“Her room was stark and bereft of colour”.

(Of a person) sad and lonely, especially through someone’s death or departure (داغ‌دیده، داغ‌دار، عزادار).
“His death in 1990 left her bereft”.

Question 32

Myopic
/maɪˈɑː.pɪk/

Answer 32

Adjective:
Short-sighted (نزدیک‌بین).
“Most myopic children can be fitted with glasses to correct their vision”.

Lacking foresight or intellectual insight (کوته‌نظرانه، کوته‌بینانه).
“The government still has a myopic attitude to public spending”.

Question 33

Leave someone to their own devices
/liːv/ - /ðer/ - /oʊn/ - /dɪˈvaɪs/

Answer 33

Idiom:
To allow someone to make their own decisions about what to do; to allow (someone) to do what he or she wants or is able to do without being controlled or helped by anyone else —> often used as be left to one’s own devices (به حال خود رها کردن، به خود واگذاشتن).
“He seemed to be a responsible person, so I left him to his own devices”.

Question 34

Coterie
/ˈkoʊ.t̬ɚ.i/

Answer 34

Noun:
A small group of people with shared interests or tastes, especially one that is exclusive of other people (محفل، آویژگان، سِلک، انجمن).
“A coterie of friends and advisers”.

Question 35

In a nutshell
/ˈnʌt.ʃel/

Answer 35

Phrase:
In the fewest possible words (در یک کلام، مختصر و مفید، لب مطلب، مخلص کلام، به زبان ساده).
“She put the matter in a nutshell”.

Question 36

Utter
/ˈʌ.t̬ɚ/

Answer 36

Adjective:
complete; absolute (مطلق، محض).
“Charlotte stared at her in utter amazement”.

Say (something) aloud (فریاد زدن، بلند صحبت کردن).
“They are busily scribbling down every word she utters”.

Question 37

Demographic
/ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪk/

Answer 37

Adjective:
Relating to the structure of populations (جمعیتی).
“The demographic trend is towards an older population”.

Noun
A particular sector of a population (قشر، جمعیت).
“The drink is popular with a young demographic”.

Question 38

Centrifugal
/senˈtrɪf.jə.ɡəl/

Answer 38

Adjective:
PHYSICS
Moving or tending to move away from a centre (مرکزگریز).
“Centrifugal Force”.

Question 39

Predominant
/prɪˈdɑː.mə.nənt/

Answer 39

Adjective:
Present as the strongest or main element (غالب، اصلی، عمده).
“The predominant colour was white”.

Having or exerting control or power (مسلط، چیره، فائق).
“The predominant political forces”.

Question 40

Gauntlet
/ˈɡɑːnt.lət/

Answer 40

Noun:
A long, thick glove (= hand covering), worn for protection (دستکش کار، دستکش ایمنی).
“In recognition of the dangers otherwise involved, masks, protective clothing (normally white) and gauntlets are worn”.

HISTORICAL
An armoured glove (دستکش زرهی).

Phrase:
Running the gauntlet — go through an intimidating or dangerous crowd or experience in order to reach a goal (از هفت خان رستم گذشتن، عبور از موانع دشوار).
“They had to run the gauntlet of television cameras”.

Question 41

Prejudice

Answer 41

Noun:
Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience (پیش‌داوری، غرض).
“Prejudice against people from different backgrounds”.

Dislike, hostility, or unjust behaviour deriving from preconceived and unfounded opinions (تعصب).
“Accusations of racial prejudice”.

LAW
Harm or injury that results or may result from some action or judgement (لطمه، آسیب، زیان).
“Prejudice resulting from delay in the institution of the proceedings”.

Verb:
Give rise to prejudice in (someone); make biased (تعصب ایجاد کردن).
“The statement might prejudice the jury”.

LAW
Cause harm to (a state of affairs) (لطمه زدن، آسیب رساندن، ضرر کردن).
“Delay is likely to prejudice the child’s welfare”.

Question 42

Repression
/rɪˈpreʃ.ən/

Answer 42

Noun:
The action of subduing* someone or something by force (سرکوب).
“Students sparked off events that ended in brutal repression”.
*Subdue: چیره شدن، تحت کنترل درآوردن، رام کردن.

The restraint, prevention, or inhibition of a feeling, quality, etc (سرکوب احساس یا استعداد).
“The repression of anger can be positively harmful”.

The action or process of suppressing a thought or desire in oneself so that it remains unconscious (واپس‌رانی، خودداری).
“Children and adults pay a heavy price for their deep repression of thoughts about death”.

Question 43

Larder
/ˈlɑːr.dɚ/

Answer 43

Noun:
A room or large cupboard for storing food (گنجه، دولاب، گنجه‌ی کوچک دردار که توی دیوار درست می‌کنند).
“A well-stocked (= full of food) larder”.

Question 44

Heirloom
/ˈer.luːm/

Answer 44

Noun:
A valuable object that has belonged to a family for several generations (تَرکه، ماترک، میراث خانوادگی، ارثیه).
“The violin was a family heirloom”.

NORTH AMERICAN
Denoting a traditional variety of plant or breed of animal which is not associated with large-scale commercial agriculture (حیوانات و گیاهان سنتی و بومی که به صورت وسیع کشت یا پرورش داده نمی‌شوند).
“His garden is filled with heirloom vegetables”.

Question 45

It follows that
/ˈfɑː.loʊ/

Answer 45

Phrase:
To happen as a result, or to be a likely result (به این معنی است که، پر واضح است که، جای شک نیست که).
“Just because I agreed last time, it doesn’t necessarily follow that I will again”.
“If we posit that wage rises cause inflation, it follows that we should try to minimize them”.

Question 46

Precursor
/ˌpriːˈkɝː.sɚ/

Answer 46

Noun:
A person or thing that comes before another of the same kind; a forerunner (طلایه، پیشرو، جلودار، پیشکار، سلف، پیش‌درآمد).
“A three-stringed precursor of the violin”.

A substance from which another is formed, especially by metabolic reaction (پیش‌ماده، ماده‌ای که تشکیل‌دهنده‌ی ماده‌ای دیگر است).
“pepsinogen is the inactive precursor of pepsin”.

Question 47

Reminiscent
/ˌrem.əˈnɪs.ənt/

Answer 47

Adjective:
Tending to remind one of something (یادآور).
“The sights were reminiscent of my childhood”.

Absorbed in or suggesting absorption in memories (خاطره‌انگیز).
“Her expression was wistful and reminiscent”.

Suggesting something by resemblance (شبیه، مشابه).
“Her robes were vaguely reminiscent of military dress”.

Question 48

Idle
/ˈaɪ.dəl/

Answer 48

Adjective:
(Of a person) avoiding work; lazy (تنبل، کاهل).
“Idle students”.

(Of a person) not working; unemployed (بی‌کار، عاطل).
“10.3 per cent of the workforce is now idle”.

Without purpose or effect; pointless (بیهوده، یاوه، مهمل).
“He did not want to waste valuable time in idle chatter”.

(Especially of a machine or factory) not active or in use (بلااستفاده).
“The mill has been standing idle for eight years”.

Verb:
Spend time doing nothing (**وقت تلف کردن،).
“Four men were idling outside the shop”.

Move aimlessly or lazily (ول گشتن، ولگردی کردن).
“Robert idled along the pavement”.

NORTH AMERICAN
Take out of use or employment (از کار بی‌کار کردن، بلااستفاده کردن).
“he will close the newspaper, idling 2,200 workers”.

(Of an engine) run slowly while disconnected from a load or out of gear (سیلو کار کردن، درجا کار کردن**).
“Nadine kept the engine idling”.

Question 49

Foremost
/ˈfɔːr.moʊst/

Answer 49

Adjective:
Most prominent in rank, importance, or position (سرشناس‌ترین، مهم‌ترین، برترین).
“One of the foremost art collectors of his day”.

Adverb:
Before anything else in rank, importance, or position; in the first place (از همه مهم‌تر، قبل از هر چیز).
“It was, foremost, the first unequivocal demonstration of the process”.

Phrase:
First and foremost — most importantly; more than anything else (در درجه‌ی اول).
“He considered himself first and foremost a writer”.

Question 50

Missionary
/ˈmɪʃ.er.i/

Answer 50

Noun:
A person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country (میسیونر، مبشر، مبلغ مذهبی، گماشته مذهبی).

Adjective:
Relating to or characteristic of a missionary or a religious mission (مربوط به تبلیغات مذهبی).
“Missionary work”.

Question 51

Preach
/priːtʃ/

Answer 51

Verb:
Deliver a sermon or religious address to an assembled group of people, typically in church (موعظه کردن، وعظ کردن، تبلیغ کردن).
“He preached to a large congregation”.

Question 52

Fraternity
/frəˈtɝː.nə.t̬i/

Answer 52

Noun:
A group of people sharing a common profession or interests (محفل، صنف، انجمن).
“Members of the hunting fraternity”.

Friendship and mutual support within a group (برادری، اخوت).
“The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity”.

Question 53

Impinge
/ɪmˈpɪndʒ/

Answer 53

Verb:
Have an effect, especially a negative one (تاثیر سو داشتن یا گذاشتن).
“Several factors impinge on market efficiency”.

Advance over an area belonging to someone or something else; encroach (تجاوز کردن، تعدی کردن، دست‌درازی کردن).
“The proposed fencing would impinge on a public bridleway”.

Question 54

Guerilla
/ɡəˈrɪl.ə/

Answer 54

Noun:
A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces (پارتیزان).
“This town fell to the guerrillas”.

Referring to actions or activities performed in an impromptu way, often without authorization (چریکی).
“Guerrilla gigs”.

Question 55

Petition
/pəˈtɪʃ.ən/

Answer 55

Noun:
A formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to authority in respect of a particular cause (درخواست، طومار).
“She was asked to sign a petition against plans to build on the local playing fields”.

An appeal or request to a deity or a superior (استدعا، خواهش، نیایش).
“A steady stream of petitions to Allah were audible”.

LAW
An application to a court for a writ, judicial action in a suit, etc (عریضه، شکواییه، دادخواست).
“A divorce petition”.

Verb:
Present a petition to (an authority) in respect of a particular cause (درخواست دادن، طومار نوشتن، بیانیه دادن).
“The organization is petitioning the EU for a moratorium on the patent”.

Make an appeal to (a deity or superior) (دادخواست دادن، استدعا داشتن، نیاز کردن، خواهش کردن).
“A Highland chief petitioned her father for her hand in marriage”.

Make a formal application to (a court) for a writ, judicial action in a suit, etc (عریضه نوشتن، شکواییه دادن).
“The custodial parent petitioned the court for payment of the arrears”.

Question 56

Not least
/liːst/

Answer 56

Phrase:
In particular; notably (بالاخذ، به‌ویژه).
“There is a great deal at stake, not least in relation to the environment”.

Question 57

Communal
/ˈkɑː.mjə.nəl/

Answer 57

Adjective:
Shared by all members of a community; for common use (همگانی، اشتراکی، عمومی).
“A communal bathroom and kitchen”.

(Of conflict) between different communities, especially those having different religions or ethnic origins (فرقه‌ای، قومی، قبیله‌ای).
“Violent communal riots”.

Question 58

Carpool
/ˈkɑːrˌpuːl/

Answer 58

Noun:
An arrangement between people to make a regular journey in a single vehicle, typically with each person taking turns to drive the others (سرویس نوبتی).
“They organized carpools to deliver the kids to school”.

Verb:
Form or participate in a carpool (سرویس نوبتی تشکیل دادن).
“They are encouraged to take public transport, bike, walk, and carpool to work”.

Question 59

Appraise
/əˈpreɪz/

Answer 59

Verb:
Assess the value or quality of (ارزیابی کردن).
“There is a need to appraise existing techniques”.

Assess the performance of (an employee) formally (کارکنان را ارزشیابی کردن).
“Some companies are considering team appraisals instead of appraising individuals”.

(Of an official valuer) set a price on; value (قیمت‌گذاری کردن، قیمت را تخمین زدن).
“They appraised the painting at £200,000”.

Question 60

Adulate
/ˈædʒ.ə.leɪt/

Answer 60

Verb:
Praise (someone) excessively (ستودن، تملق گفتن، تحسین کردن).
“He was adulated in the press”.

Question 61

Sentimental
/ˌsen.t̬əˈmen.t̬əl/

Answer 61

Of or prompted by feelings of tenderness, sadness, or nostalgia (سانتیمانتال، احساساتی، عاطفی).
“She felt a sentimental attachment to the place creep over her”.

Question 62

Humbug
/ˈhʌm.bʌɡ/

Answer 62

Noun:
Deceptive or false talk or behavior (چرت و پرت، حرف مفت، چرندیات).
“His comments are sheer humbug”.

A hypocrite (ریاکار، شیاد).
“You see what a humbug I am”.

Verb:
Deceive; trick (حقه‌بازی کردن، گول زدن، حیله‌گری کردن).
“Poor Dave is easily humbugged”.

Question 63

Admonish
/ədˈmɑː.nɪʃ/

Answer 63

Verb:
Warn or reprimand someone firmly (سرزنش کردن، توبیخ کردن، بازخواست کردن، نکوهش کردن).
“She admonished me for appearing at breakfast unshaven”.

Advise or urge (someone) earnestly (نصیحت کردن، پند دادن).
“She admonished him to drink no more than one glass of wine”.

ARCHAIC
Warn (someone) of something to be avoided (برحذر داشتن، برای دوری از چیزی هشدار دادن).
“He admonished the people against the evil of such practices”.

Question 64

Carnal
/ˈkɑːr.nəl/

Answer 64

Adjective:
Relating to physical, especially sexual, needs and activities (جسمانی، شهوانی، نفسانی).
“Carnal desire”.

Question 65

In turn
/tɝːn/

Answer 65

Phrase:
In succession; one after the other (یکی پس از دیگری).
“Everyone took it in turn to attack my work”.

Used to convey that an action, process, or situation is the result of a previous one (بالاخره، به نوبه‌ی خود).
“He would shout until she, in her turn, lost her temper”.

Question 66

Startle
/ˈstɑːr.t̬əl/

Answer 66

Verb:
Cause to feel sudden shock or alarm (یکه خوردن، شوکه شدن، جا خوردن، از جا پراندن یا پریدن).
“A sudden sound in the doorway startled her”.

Question 67

Nebulous
/ˈneb.jə.ləs/

Answer 67

Adjective:
In the form of a cloud or haze; hazy (مه‌آلود، غبارآلود، ابری، میغ‌وار).
“A giant nebulous glow”.

(Of a concept) vague or ill-defined (مبهم، ناآشکار، تار).
“Nebulous concepts like quality of life”.

——————
Nebula: غبار، مه، سحابی.

Question 68

Ripple
/ˈrɪp.əl/

Answer 68

Noun:
A small wave or series of waves on the surface of water, especially as caused by a slight breeze or an object dropping into it (موج، خیزاب، آب‌لرز).
“He dived into the pool leaving barely a ripple”.

A thing resembling a ripple or ripples in appearance or movement (موج‌وار، موج‌گون).
“The sand undulated and was ridged with ripples”.

A gentle rising and falling sound that spreads through a group of people (افت و خیز صدا).
“A ripple of laughter ran around the room”.

A particular feeling or effect that spreads through someone or something (موج هیجان و احساسات).
“His words set off a ripple of excitement within her”.

Small periodic, usually undesirable, variations in electrical voltage superposed on a direct voltage or on an alternating voltage of lower frequency (نوسان).
“Ripple current”.

A type of ice cream with wavy lines of coloured flavoured syrup running through it (نوعی بستنی با رنگ‌های مواج).
“A family block of raspberry ripple”.

Verb:
(Of water) form or flow with a series of small waves on the surface (مواج کردن، موج زدن، خیزاب درست کردن، نوسان داشتن).
“The Mediterranean rippled and sparkled”.

Question 69

Boil down to something
/bɔɪl/

Answer 69

Phrase:
If a situation or problem boils down to something, that is the main reason for it (در یک کلام خلاصه شدن، در نهایت به چیزی منجر شدن).
“The problem boils down to one thing - lack of money”.

Question 70

Skew
/skjuː/

Answer 70

Adjective:
Neither parallel nor at right angles to a specified or implied line; askew; crooked (کج).
“His hat looked slightly skew”.

MATHEMATICS
(Of a pair of lines) neither parallel nor intersecting (اریب).
(Of a curve) not lying in a plane (مورب).

STATISTICS
(Of a statistical distribution) not symmetrical (چولگی یا خمیدگی، عدم تقارن توزیع احتمالی).

Noun:
An oblique angle; a slant (شیب).

A bias towards one particular group or subject (تمایل، گرایش).
“The paper had a working-class skew”.

STATISTICS
The state of not being symmetrical (نامتقارن، نامتوازن).

Verb:
Suddenly change direction or position (منحرف شدن، کج و کوله شدن، پیچ و تاب خوردن).
“The car had skewed across the track”.
“He skewed around in his saddle”.

Make biased or distorted in a way that is regarded as inaccurate, unfair, or misleading (متمایل بودن، سوگیری داشتن، گرایش داشتن).
“The curriculum is skewed towards the practical subjects”.

STATISTICS
Cause (a distribution) to be asymmetrical (چولگی ایجاد کردن، خمیدگی ایجاد کردن).
“The distributions were skewed to the right”.

Phrases:
On the skew — neither parallel nor at right angles to a specified or implied line; askew (کج و معوج).
“The whole frame is on the skew”.

Question 71

Paradigm
/ˈper.ə.daɪm/

Answer 71

Noun:
A typical example or pattern of something; a pattern or model (الگو، نمونه).
“Society’s paradigm of the ‘ideal woman’”.

A world view underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject (نمونه‌ی عالی).
“The discovery of universal gravitation became the paradigm of successful science”.

LINGUISTICS
A set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles (الگوی صرفی).
“English determiners form a paradigm: we can say ‘a book’ or ‘his book’ but not ‘a his book’”.

Question 72

Excursion
/ɪkˈskɝː.ʒən/

Answer 72

A short journey or trip, especially one taken as a leisure activity (گردش، تفرج، گشت‌وگذار).
“An excursion to London Zoo”.

A deviation from a regular activity or course (گژروی، انحراف).
“The firm’s disastrous excursion into the US electrical market”.

——————
Incursions
Noun:
An invasion or attack, especially a sudden or brief one (تهاجم، یورش، هجوم، یک حمله‌ی ناگهانی و کوتاه).
“Incursions into enemy territory”.

Question 73

Clump
/klʌmp/

Answer 73

Noun:
A small group of trees or plants growing closely together; a compacted mass or lump of something; a compacted mass or lump of something (خوشه، انبوه، دسته، گروه، توده).
“A clump of ferns*”.
*Fern: سرخس.
“They sat on the wall in clumps of two and three”.
“Clumps of earth”.

Verb:
Form a clump or clumps (**توده دسته خوشه گروه انبوهه جمع شدن یا کردن).
“The particles tend to clump together”.

Another term for clomp (پاکوبان راه رفتن، با گام‌های سنگین راه رفتن).

Question 74

Constrain
/kənˈstreɪn/

Answer 74

Verb:
Compel or force (someone) to follow a particular course of action (تحمیل کردن، ناگزیر بودن، مقید بودن، مجبور کردن یا بودن).
“Children are constrained to work in the way the book dictates”.

Severely restrict the scope, extent, or activity of (محدود کردن).
“Agricultural development is considerably constrained by climate”.

LITERARY
Confine forcibly; imprison (محبوس کردن، در بند کشیدن).
“The walls are high, the gates are strong, but true love never yet was thus constrained”.

Question 75

Disrupt
/dɪsˈrʌpt/

Answer 75

Verb:
Interrupt (an event, activity, or process) by causing a disturbance or problem (مختل کردن).
“Flooding disrupted rail services”.

Drastically alter or destroy the structure of (تخریب کردن).
“If an explosion of volcanic steam had formed the crater, the blast from below would have disrupted the underlying rock” (اگر دهانه‌ی آتش‌فشان، حاصل فوران بخارات آتش‌فشانی بود، موج انفجار از پایین، سنگ زیربنایی را تخریب می‌کرد).

To change the traditional way that an industry operates, especially in a new and effective way (متحول کردن).
“Dell Inc. disrupted the traditional way of selling computers by switching to the internet”.