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Physiology > The Nervous system > Flashcards

The Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Monitor for changes inside and outside the body; Sensory input
  2. Process and interperet sensory info and decide what to do; Integration of information
  3. Creates response by activating muscles or glands; Motor output
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2
Q

Sensory imput

A
  • Information gathered from the senses
  • example; you smell smoke
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3
Q

Integration

A
  • CNS decides what to do and sends out a response
  • example; Brain takes in sensory info (small smoke) processes it, brain decides to tell your muscles to get you up so you can look for the the source of the smell
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4
Q

Motor output

A
  • Signal travels through efferent pathway to effector organ
  • example; muscles contract in response to message from the brain
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5
Q

example of an effector

A
  • Sweat glands
  • Muscles
  • Mucous cells
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6
Q

Sensory input —> _______

A
  • Afferent
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7
Q

Motor output —-> ________

A
  • Efferent
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8
Q

PNS

A
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • spinal and cranial nerves
  • Nerves comming out of CNS; communicate between CNS and the rest of the body
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9
Q

CNS

A
  • Central Nervous system
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Responsible for integration
  • Multipolar cells
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10
Q

What are the major cells of the nervous system? what do they release?

A
  • Neurons
  • Chemicals called neurotransmitters
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11
Q

Name the divisions of the PNS

A
  1. PNS
  2. Sensory division (afferent)
  3. Motor division (efferent)
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system:

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

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12
Q

What does the sensory division of the PNS do?

A
  • Sends info/ Conducts impulses to CNS
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13
Q

What does the motor division of the PNS do?

A
  • Sends info/ conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles/glands)
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14
Q

What does the somatic nervous system of the motor division of the PNS do?

A
  • controls voluntary movement
  • conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
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15
Q

What does the Autonomic nervous system of the motor division of the PNS do?

A
  • Responsible for involuntary (visceral action)
  • Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
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16
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • Fight or flight
  • Mobilizes body systems during activity
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17
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • Conserves energy
  • Promotes house-keeping functions during rest (breathing, digestion, etc)
  • Rest and digest
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18
Q

2 types of cells in nervous tissue

A
  1. Neurons; nerve cells
  2. Neuroglia; support cells
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19
Q

Neurons are highly _______ for special _______.

A
  • Modified
  • Functions
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20
Q

When a message is comming down an axon; ______ are flowing.

A
  • ions
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21
Q

Definition of synapses

A
  • Point of close contact between 2 neurons or a neuron and effector cell
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22
Q

Definition of synaptic cleft

A
  • Fluid filled space at a synapse
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23
Q

Definition Pre-synaptic cell

A
  • neuron conducting impulse towards a cell body
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24
Q

Definition of Post-synaptic cell

A
  • Neuron conducting impulses away from a cell body
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25
Q

What is an action potential?

A
  • An electrical impulse generated and conducted by an axon upon stimulation
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26
Q

Action potential underline the basic functioning of the __________

A
  • Nervous system
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27
Q

What is happening as an impulse travels through a neuron?

A
  • Ions are moving in and out of the axon
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28
Q

How do action potentials work?

A
  • Resting membrane potential is possible because concentration gradient is maintained by Na+/K+ pump
  • At rest the membrane is slightly permeable to Na+
  • ACTION POTENTIALS HAPPEN WHEN A CHANGE IN RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RESULTS FROM A STIMULUS
  • MEMBRANE SUDDENLY BECOMES MORE PERMEABLE TO Na+
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29
Q

A change in membrane potential can result from….

A
  • Alteration of ion concentrations on ether side of the membrane
  • Anything that changes ion permeability of the membrane
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30
Q

A cell can change its ion permeability by opening and closing _______.

A
  • Membrane channels
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31
Q

Within a membrane you have 4 major Ion (protein) channels

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Cl-
  4. Ca2+
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32
Q

during an AP Na+ moves ______ the axon.

A
  • Into the axon
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33
Q

During an AP K+ moves _____ of the axon.

A
  • Out of the axon
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34
Q

During an AP Cl- moves ______ the axon.

A
  • into the axon
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35
Q

During an AP Ca2+ moves _____ the axon.

A
  • into the axon.
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36
Q

What insulates ions (keeps ions inside the axon)

A
  • Myelin sheath
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37
Q

What is the trigger zone of an neuron?

A
  • Axon Hillock
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38
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A
  • Cell bodies
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39
Q

what is white matter composed of?

A
  • Mylenated axons
40
Q

What is an action potential?

A
  • An electrical impulse that travels down an axon
41
Q

Why is potassium leaving the axon when it is repolarizing?

A
  • To make the axon more negative.
42
Q

How many states does a voltage gated K+ channel have and what are they?

A
  • 2
  • Opened
  • Closed
43
Q

How many states does a Na+ voltage-gated channel have? what are they?

A
  • 3
  • Opened
  • Closed
  • Inactivated
44
Q

Sodium channels must close before another Action Potential can happen, true or false?

A
  • True*
  • If a strong enough stimulus happens inactive channels can be overriden
45
Q

Resting state; Stage one

A
  • K+ and Na+ voltage gated channels are both Closed
  • More Na+ outside
  • More K+ inside
  • Na+/K+ ATPase keeps concentrations of ions inside and outside
  • membrane is polarized
46
Q

Depolarization; stage 2

A
  • Na+ channel opens, lets Na+ ions floodinto axon
  • K+ channel closed
  • Flood of Na+ ions causes the inside of the cell to become more positive (depolarization)
  • Action potential starts at -55mV threshold in neuron and peaks at +30mV
47
Q

Repolarization

A
  • Na+ voltage gated channel becomes innactive blocking more Na+ from entering the axon
  • K+ voltage gated channels open releasing K+ into the ECFcausing the cellto become more negative (repolarize)
  • Membrane potentialstarts moving back toward -70 mV (but not there yet)
48
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • Na+ voltage gated channels become closed
  • K+ voltage gated-channels stay open letting more K+ ions out
  • This makes the inside of the cell overly polarized below -70 mV
49
Q

return to resting state

A
  • Na+ voltage gated channel is closed
  • K+ voltage gated channel is closed
  • K+, Na+ leak channels return the ionic concentrations back to normal
  • Na+/K+ ATPase maintains the differences
50
Q

Long axons are called _________.

A
  • Nerve fibers
51
Q

The conducting region of the neuron is the ___________.

A
  • Axon
52
Q

The secretory region of the neuron is the ______________.

A
  • Terminal boutons; axon terminals
53
Q

Fatty insulation that wraps around the axon is called the myelin sheath, what are its functions?

A
  • Electrically insulates (keeps ions in the axon)
  • Increases transmission speed
54
Q
A
55
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • Uninsulated gaps on axon
56
Q

A cell at rest is __________.

A
  • Slightly permeable to Na+
57
Q

The permeabilities of Na+ and K+ across the membrane are ____________.

A
  • Different
58
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • time period needed for Na+ channels to “re-set” themselves before the nerve can resopnd to another stimulus
59
Q

Threshold

A
  • Critical level of depolarization needed to generate an AP ( -55 to -50 mV)
60
Q

APs are all-or-nothing events what does this mean?

A
  • The AP happens completely or not at all; if threshold is not met an AP will not happen
61
Q

What pump restores the ionic gradient after the AP is over?

A
  • Na+/K+ pump
62
Q

Do APs depend on stimulus strength?

A
  • No
63
Q

How does the CNS determine how strong a stimulus is?

A
  • Strong stimuli generate APs more frequently over a given period of time than weak stimuli
64
Q

conduction velocity varies across neurons; what would be the standard range?

A

100 m/ sec or more

65
Q

The rate of an impulse propagation depends on….

A
  • Axon diameter
  • Degree of mylination
66
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • A condition where myelin is being slowly destroyed in the CNS; slows the signals sent by neurons
67
Q

What does MS effect?

A
  • Vision
  • Muscle control
  • Speech
  • Urinary Incontinence
  • it is an Autoimmune disease
68
Q

Can AP signals be interupted? What chemicals would interupt these signals if so?

A
  • yes
  • Local Anesthetics
  • Neurotoxins
  • TTX
69
Q

Local Anesthetics

A
  • drugs used to block Na+ gated channels, stops siganls (APs) from being sent ——> No pain
70
Q

Neurotoxins

A
  • Toxin that effects neurons functioning
71
Q

TTX

A

a toxin found in puffer fish that blocks Na+ channels neurotransmitters

72
Q

What is the most common type of synapse?

A
  • Chemical synapse
73
Q

Chemical synapse

A
  • Allow for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters
74
Q

What happens at a chemical synapse?

A
  • An electrical signal gets turned into a chemical signal
75
Q

How many Neurotransmitters have been identified?

A
  • Over 50
76
Q

What kind of effects do NTs have?

A
  • Excititory and inhibitory effects
77
Q

All neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles release ________.

A
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)
78
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A
  • Are found at NMJ on SM
79
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A
  • Found on viseral effectors
80
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • (NE) both a hormone and a NT caausng vasocontriction, increased heart rate, increased BP
  • A feel good NT
81
Q

Dopamine

A
  • A feel good NT
  • enhanced by L-dopa and amphetamines
  • Reuptake blocked by cocaine
  • decreased in parkinsons
  • increased in schizophrenia
82
Q

Seratonin

A
  • Inhibitory
  • Plays a role in sleep, appetite, nausea, migraine and regulating mood
83
Q

What are the type of neural circuits?

A
  1. Diverging circuit/ Amplifying circuit
  2. Converging circuit/concentrating circuit
  3. Reverberating circuit/ Oscillating circuit
  4. Parallel after-discharge circuit
84
Q

Synaptic delay

A
85
Q

Graded Potential

A
  • AP that ravels short distances
  • a change in potential in the cell body
86
Q

Re-uptake

A
  • axon terminal takes NTs back
87
Q

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors

A
  • (SSRI) a class of drugs used as antidepresents
88
Q

What happens to extra seratoinin or NTs?

A
  1. Enzyme degrades it
  2. Re-uptake
  3. Diffuses away
89
Q

Diverging/ Amplifying circuit

A
  • One imputs many out puts
  • ex. A single neuron in the brain can activate 100 or more motor neurons in the spinal cord and thousands of SM fibers
90
Q

Converging/ Concentrating circuit

A
  • Many outputs, one imput
  • ex. different sensory stimuli can all elict the same memory
91
Q

Reverberating/Oscillating circuit

A
  • Controlls rythmic activity
  • ex. Involved in breathing, sleep wake cycle, and repetitive motor activities such as walking
92
Q

Parallel after- discharge circuit

A
  • Impulses reach output cell at different times, causing a burst of impulses called after discharge
  • ex. May be involved in exacting mental processes such as mathematical calculations
93
Q

The brain has a reward center….

A
  • its involved in feeling pleasure and reward
  • reward system consists of dopamine- releasing neurons in specific areas of the brain
  • ex. Romantically in love; your brain releases large amounts of norepinephrine and releases dopamine
  • oxytocin is also released but its a hormone
94
Q

drug abuse hijacks the _________.

A
  • Reward center
95
Q

crystal meth artificially stimulates the brain to stop synthesising its own NTs, true or false?

A
  • True, this promotes a vicious cycle of addiction
96
Q
A

Physiology (15 decks)

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