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Physiology > Chapter 1 The Human Body an Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 The Human Body an Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the idea of The Complementarity of Structure and function?

A

*Function always reflects structure *What a structure can do depends on its form

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2
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

* The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite the changing conditions of the outside world.

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3
Q

What does Anatomy study?

A

*Structure

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4
Q

What does Physiology study?

A

*Function *The What, When, and How.

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5
Q

Physiology has many subdivisions, what are they usually divided into?

A

*Systems; such as renal physiology (kidney function and urine production) Neurophysiology (workings of the nervous system)

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6
Q

What perspective does physiology focus on?

A

*physiology focuses mostly on events at the cellular and molecular level

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7
Q

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

A
  1. Chemical level: simplest level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level : groups of similar cells that have a common function; 4 types 4. Organ Level: Structure made of 2 or more tissues 5. Organ system level: organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose 6. Organismal level: The sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
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8
Q

What are the 4 types of Tissue?

A
  1. Epithelium 2. Muscle tissue 3. Connective tissue 4. Nervous tissue
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9
Q

The smallest unit of living things.

A

Cells

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10
Q

What do atoms combine to form?

A

Molecules

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11
Q

What do molecules combine to form?

A

cells and their organelles

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12
Q

What do similar cells combine to make?

A

Tissue

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13
Q

What do different types of tissue combine to form?

A

Organs

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14
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Different organs that work together

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15
Q

What is an organism made up of?

A

many organ systems

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16
Q

Humans are multicellular organisms, what does this mean?

A

All body cells are interdependent.

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17
Q

What are the 8 necessary functions for maintaining life?

A
  1. Maintaining Boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth
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18
Q

Maintaining Boundaries

A

An organism needs to keep it’s internal environment separate from the external environment, wether it be a cell membrane or skin.

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19
Q

Movement

A

movement by the organism itself or the movement of blood , urine, food through the organism’s body.

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20
Q

Responsiveness

A

also known as Excitability: The ability to sense stimuli in the environment and respond to them. Nervous cells are the most excitable

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21
Q

Digestion

A

The breaking down of food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur within body cells

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23
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down substances

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24
Q

Anabolism

A

building more complex substances

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25
Q

What does ATP do, what is needed to make ATP?

A

ATP powers cellular activity, oxygen and nutrients are needed to make ATP.

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26
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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27
Q

Excretion

A

The process of removing wastes from the body

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28
Q

Reproduction

A

Occurs at the cellular and organismal level

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29
Q

What is the ultimate goal of the body systems?

A

To keep the organism alive

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30
Q

What are the 5 major survival needs for an organism? Is amount important?

A
  1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal body temperature 5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure *Yes, These factors must be in the correct amounts to support life
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31
Q

Nutrients

A

are taken in via diet, they contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building.

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32
Q

Oxygen

A

The chemical reactions that release energy from food are oxidative reactions which require oxygen. Human cells do not survive too long with out oxygen.

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33
Q

Water

A

60-80% of our body weight . Water is the base for bodily secretions and excretions. A watery environment is necessary for chemical reactions

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34
Q

Where do we get water and where is it lost?

A

We get water from the foods and liquids we ingest and it is lost from the skin, lungs and excretions

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35
Q

Normal body Temperature

A

Normal body temp is need in order to maintain the chemical reactions in cells and the body at a rate that supports life.

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36
Q

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

A

The force that air exerts on the surface of the body. Breathing and gas exchange rely on appropriate atmospheric pressure

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37
Q

Does Homeostasis mean that the body is always the same?

A

No, Conditions in the body can change but usually its within a normal range.

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38
Q

Which Organ systems are involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A

All of them

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39
Q

What must the body do to achieve homeostasis? and how is this accomplished?

A

The body must communicate via the nervous and endocrine systems

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40
Q

Variable

A

A factor or event being controlled

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41
Q

How does Homeostatic control work?

A

*homeostatic control is achieved by Negative and Positive feedback loops *The main components of these loops are 1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Input 4. Control center 5. Output 6. Response

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42
Q
  1. Stimulus
A

produces a change in a variable

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43
Q
  1. Receptor
A

picks up on a change

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44
Q
  1. Control center
A

receives and analyzes the info then responds

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45
Q
  1. Input
A

info sent to the control center via the afferent pathway

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46
Q
  1. Output
A

info from control center sent along the efferent pathway to the effector

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47
Q
  1. Response
A

The effector feedback to reduce the effect of a stimulus. (negative feedback) and returns the variable to homeostatic level, or enhances stimulus to quicken the process or make a response stronger (positive feedback)

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48
Q

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are…

A

Negative feed back mechanisms - The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or decreases the intensity

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49
Q

Negative feedback loops…

A

reset variables back their ideal values, and prevents sudden severe changes in the body.

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50
Q

In a positive feedback loops …

A

The response enhances the original stimulus, so that the response is accelerated, change proceeds in the same directions the initial change. They build up and cascade.

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51
Q

Examples of positive feedback loops are…

A

child birth and blood clotting

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52
Q

What do positive feed back loops control?

A

infrequent events that do not require frequent adjustments.

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53
Q

What is a result of homeostatic imbalance?

A

disease; Negative feedback systems can be overwhelmed and positive feedback systems may take over.

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54
Q

Directional terms…

A

Allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

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55
Q

Superior (Cranial)

A

Toward the head end or upper part of the structure or body; above

ex. The head is superior to the abdomen

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56
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

ex. The naval is inferior to the chin

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57
Q

Ventral (anterior)

A

Toward or at the front of the body; in front

ex. The breast bone is anterior to the spine

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58
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

ex. The heart is posterior to the breast bone

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59
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of

ex. The heart is medial to the arm

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60
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midlineof the body; on the outer side of

ex. The arms are lateral to the chest.

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61
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and more lateral structure.

ex. The collar bone is intermediate between the breast bone and the shoulder

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62
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist

63
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

ex. The knee is distal to the thigh

64
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Away from the body surface; more internal

ex. The lungs are deep to the skin

65
Q

Axial

A

Head, neck and trunk

66
Q

Appendicular

A

appendages/limbs

67
Q
A

Cephalic Region

68
Q
A

Frontal region

69
Q
A

Orbital Region

70
Q
A

nasal region

71
Q
A

oral region

72
Q
A

mental region

73
Q
A

Cervical Region

74
Q
A

upper limb

75
Q
A

Acromial region

76
Q
A

Brachial Region

77
Q
A

Antecubital Region

78
Q
A

Olecranal region

79
Q
A

Antebrachial region

80
Q
A

carpal region

81
Q
A

manus region

82
Q
A

pollex region

83
Q
A

metacarpal region

84
Q
A

Palmar region

85
Q
A

digital region

86
Q
A

Thoracic region

87
Q
A

Sternal Region

88
Q
A

Axillary region

89
Q
A

Mamillary region

90
Q
A

Abdominal region

91
Q
A

umbilical region

92
Q
A

pelvic region

93
Q
A

Inguinal region

94
Q
A

Pubic Region

95
Q
A

Lower limb

96
Q
A

Coxal Region

97
Q
A

Femoral region

98
Q
A

patellar region

99
Q
A

popliteal region

100
Q
A

Crural region

101
Q
A

Sural region

102
Q
A

fibular region

103
Q
A

pedal region

104
Q
A

Tarsal region

105
Q
A

Calcaneal region

106
Q
A

Metatarsal region

107
Q
A

Digital region

108
Q
A

Plantar region

109
Q
A

Hallux region

110
Q
A

Otic region

111
Q
A

occipital region

112
Q
A

cervical region

113
Q
A

Back/dorsal region

114
Q
A

Scapular region

115
Q
A

Vertebral region

116
Q
A

Lumbar region

117
Q
A

Sacral region

118
Q
A

Gluteal region

119
Q
A

Perineal region

120
Q

a verticle plane that divides the body into right and left parts

A

Sagittal plane. If it’s in the middle it’s a median or midsagittal plane. if it’s offset from the center then it is called a parasagittal plane

121
Q

A verticle plane that devides the body into anterior and posterior

A

Frontal/Coronal plane

122
Q

A horizontal plane that runs from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

A

Transverse/Horizontal plane. A transverse section is called a Cross Section

123
Q

Protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions

A

The Dorsal body Cavity

  • Cranial Cavity
  • Vertebral/spinal cavity
124
Q

The larger Anterior of the closed cavities, it also has 2 major subdivisions. Houses internal organs called viscera.

A

Ventral Body cavity; Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

125
Q

What are the divisions of the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. Pleural cavities
  2. Mediastinum (contains the pericardial cavity)
126
Q

What separates the Thoracic cavities and the Abdominopelvic cavities?

A

The diaphragm

127
Q

What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. Abdominal cavity
  2. Pelvic cavity
128
Q

Serosa

A

A thin double layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs.

129
Q

Parietal Serosa

A

The part of the membrane that covers the cavity walls

130
Q

Visceral Serosa

A

part of the membrane that covers the organs.

131
Q

What are the serous membranes separated by?

A

a thin layer of lubricating fluid called serous fluid which is secreted by both membranes.

132
Q

What does serous fluid do?

A

Allows organs to slide past each other with out friction, while the organs carry out their functions, important for the mobile heat, digestive system and lungs

133
Q
A
  1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
134
Q
A
  1. Right hypochondriac region
  2. Epigastric region
  3. Left hypochodriac region
  4. Right Lumbar region
  5. Umbilical region
  6. Left lumbar region
  7. Right iliac (inguinal) region
  8. Hypogastric (pubic) region
  9. Left iliac (inguinal) region
135
Q

Additional Cavities….

A
  1. Oral Cavity/Digestive cavity
  2. Nasal cavity
  3. Orbital cavities
  4. Middle ear cavities
  5. Synovial cavities
136
Q

What are the basic functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Forms external body covering
  2. protects deeper tissues from injury
  3. Makes vitamin D
  4. Houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
137
Q

What are the basic functions of the Skeletal system?

A
  1. Protects and supports body organs
  2. provides frame work for the muscles to use to cause movement
  3. Blood cells are synthesized within bones
  4. Bones store minerals
138
Q

What are the basic functions of the Muscular system?

A
  1. Allows manipulation of the enviornment
  2. locomotion
  3. facial expression
  4. maintains posture
  5. produces heat
139
Q

What are the basic functions of the Lymphatic/Immunity system?

A
  1. Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
  2. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
  3. Houses White blood cells (lymphocytes)
  4. The immune response mounts ana attack against foreign substances in the body.
140
Q

What are the Basic functions of the Respiratory system?

A
  1. keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and remove CO2
  2. Gas exchange occurs through the wallsof the sacs of the lungs
141
Q

What are the basic functions of the Digestive system?

A
  1. breaks food down into absorbable units, so they can be sent to cells via the blood stream
  2. indigestable food matter is expelled as feces
142
Q

What are the basic functions of the Nervous system?

A
  1. Control system of the body
  2. responds to internal and exteral changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands (effectors)
143
Q

What are the basic functions of the Endocrine system?

A
  1. Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
144
Q

What are the basic functions of the Cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Blood vesseld transport blood which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc.
  2. The heart pumps blood
145
Q

What are the basic functions of the Urinary system?

A
  1. Eliminates Nitrogenous wastes from the body
  2. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
146
Q

What is the basic functions of the Male reproductive system?

A
  1. production of offspring
  2. produces sperm and male sex hormones
  3. delievers sperm to female reproductive tract
147
Q

What are the Basic functions of the Female reproductive system?

A
  1. ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
  2. produces offspring
  3. female structures are the sites for fertilization and development of the baby
  4. Mammary glands in the breasts secrete milk to feed the baby
148
Q

Cell division leads to what?

A

growth

149
Q

2 types of cell division.

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Meiosis
150
Q

Mitosis

A

Cells make exact copies of themselves

151
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces gametes (sex cells) sperm and eggs

152
Q

What is mitosis done for?

A

growth and repair

153
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Toward or at the body’s surface.

ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Physiology (15 decks)

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