Chapter 1 The Human Body an Orientation Flashcards
What is the idea of The Complementarity of Structure and function?
*Function always reflects structure *What a structure can do depends on its form
What is Homeostasis?
* The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite the changing conditions of the outside world.
What does Anatomy study?
*Structure
What does Physiology study?
*Function *The What, When, and How.
Physiology has many subdivisions, what are they usually divided into?
*Systems; such as renal physiology (kidney function and urine production) Neurophysiology (workings of the nervous system)
What perspective does physiology focus on?
*physiology focuses mostly on events at the cellular and molecular level
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
- Chemical level: simplest level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level : groups of similar cells that have a common function; 4 types 4. Organ Level: Structure made of 2 or more tissues 5. Organ system level: organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose 6. Organismal level: The sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
What are the 4 types of Tissue?
- Epithelium 2. Muscle tissue 3. Connective tissue 4. Nervous tissue
The smallest unit of living things.
Cells
What do atoms combine to form?
Molecules
What do molecules combine to form?
cells and their organelles
What do similar cells combine to make?
Tissue
What do different types of tissue combine to form?
Organs
What is an organ system?
Different organs that work together
What is an organism made up of?
many organ systems
Humans are multicellular organisms, what does this mean?
All body cells are interdependent.
What are the 8 necessary functions for maintaining life?
- Maintaining Boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth
Maintaining Boundaries
An organism needs to keep it’s internal environment separate from the external environment, wether it be a cell membrane or skin.
Movement
movement by the organism itself or the movement of blood , urine, food through the organism’s body.
Responsiveness
also known as Excitability: The ability to sense stimuli in the environment and respond to them. Nervous cells are the most excitable
Digestion
The breaking down of food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Catabolism
breaking down substances
Anabolism
building more complex substances
What does ATP do, what is needed to make ATP?
ATP powers cellular activity, oxygen and nutrients are needed to make ATP.
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Excretion
The process of removing wastes from the body
Reproduction
Occurs at the cellular and organismal level
What is the ultimate goal of the body systems?
To keep the organism alive
What are the 5 major survival needs for an organism? Is amount important?
- Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal body temperature 5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure *Yes, These factors must be in the correct amounts to support life
Nutrients
are taken in via diet, they contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
Oxygen
The chemical reactions that release energy from food are oxidative reactions which require oxygen. Human cells do not survive too long with out oxygen.
Water
60-80% of our body weight . Water is the base for bodily secretions and excretions. A watery environment is necessary for chemical reactions
Where do we get water and where is it lost?
We get water from the foods and liquids we ingest and it is lost from the skin, lungs and excretions
Normal body Temperature
Normal body temp is need in order to maintain the chemical reactions in cells and the body at a rate that supports life.
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
The force that air exerts on the surface of the body. Breathing and gas exchange rely on appropriate atmospheric pressure
Does Homeostasis mean that the body is always the same?
No, Conditions in the body can change but usually its within a normal range.
Which Organ systems are involved in maintaining homeostasis?
All of them
What must the body do to achieve homeostasis? and how is this accomplished?
The body must communicate via the nervous and endocrine systems
Variable
A factor or event being controlled
How does Homeostatic control work?
*homeostatic control is achieved by Negative and Positive feedback loops *The main components of these loops are 1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Input 4. Control center 5. Output 6. Response
- Stimulus
produces a change in a variable
- Receptor
picks up on a change
- Control center
receives and analyzes the info then responds
- Input
info sent to the control center via the afferent pathway
- Output
info from control center sent along the efferent pathway to the effector
- Response
The effector feedback to reduce the effect of a stimulus. (negative feedback) and returns the variable to homeostatic level, or enhances stimulus to quicken the process or make a response stronger (positive feedback)
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are…
Negative feed back mechanisms - The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or decreases the intensity
Negative feedback loops…
reset variables back their ideal values, and prevents sudden severe changes in the body.
In a positive feedback loops …
The response enhances the original stimulus, so that the response is accelerated, change proceeds in the same directions the initial change. They build up and cascade.
Examples of positive feedback loops are…
child birth and blood clotting
What do positive feed back loops control?
infrequent events that do not require frequent adjustments.
What is a result of homeostatic imbalance?
disease; Negative feedback systems can be overwhelmed and positive feedback systems may take over.
Directional terms…
Allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
Superior (Cranial)
Toward the head end or upper part of the structure or body; above
ex. The head is superior to the abdomen
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
ex. The naval is inferior to the chin
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front
ex. The breast bone is anterior to the spine
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
ex. The heart is posterior to the breast bone
Medial
Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
ex. The heart is medial to the arm
Lateral
Away from the midlineof the body; on the outer side of
ex. The arms are lateral to the chest.
Intermediate
Between a more medial and more lateral structure.
ex. The collar bone is intermediate between the breast bone and the shoulder
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
ex. The knee is distal to the thigh
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
ex. The lungs are deep to the skin
Axial
Head, neck and trunk
Appendicular
appendages/limbs
Cephalic Region
Frontal region
Orbital Region
nasal region
oral region
mental region
Cervical Region
upper limb
Acromial region
Brachial Region
Antecubital Region
Olecranal region
Antebrachial region
carpal region
manus region
pollex region
metacarpal region
Palmar region
digital region
Thoracic region
Sternal Region
Axillary region
Mamillary region
Abdominal region
umbilical region
pelvic region
Inguinal region
Pubic Region
Lower limb
Coxal Region
Femoral region
patellar region
popliteal region
Crural region
Sural region
fibular region
pedal region
Tarsal region
Calcaneal region
Metatarsal region
Digital region
Plantar region
Hallux region
Otic region
occipital region
cervical region
Back/dorsal region
Scapular region
Vertebral region
Lumbar region
Sacral region
Gluteal region
Perineal region
a verticle plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Sagittal plane. If it’s in the middle it’s a median or midsagittal plane. if it’s offset from the center then it is called a parasagittal plane
A verticle plane that devides the body into anterior and posterior
Frontal/Coronal plane
A horizontal plane that runs from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
Transverse/Horizontal plane. A transverse section is called a Cross Section
Protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions
The Dorsal body Cavity
- Cranial Cavity
- Vertebral/spinal cavity
The larger Anterior of the closed cavities, it also has 2 major subdivisions. Houses internal organs called viscera.
Ventral Body cavity; Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
What are the divisions of the thoracic cavity?
- Pleural cavities
- Mediastinum (contains the pericardial cavity)
What separates the Thoracic cavities and the Abdominopelvic cavities?
The diaphragm
What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?
- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
Serosa
A thin double layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs.
Parietal Serosa
The part of the membrane that covers the cavity walls
Visceral Serosa
part of the membrane that covers the organs.
What are the serous membranes separated by?
a thin layer of lubricating fluid called serous fluid which is secreted by both membranes.
What does serous fluid do?
Allows organs to slide past each other with out friction, while the organs carry out their functions, important for the mobile heat, digestive system and lungs
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
- Right hypochondriac region
- Epigastric region
- Left hypochodriac region
- Right Lumbar region
- Umbilical region
- Left lumbar region
- Right iliac (inguinal) region
- Hypogastric (pubic) region
- Left iliac (inguinal) region
Additional Cavities….
- Oral Cavity/Digestive cavity
- Nasal cavity
- Orbital cavities
- Middle ear cavities
- Synovial cavities
What are the basic functions of the integumentary system?
- Forms external body covering
- protects deeper tissues from injury
- Makes vitamin D
- Houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
What are the basic functions of the Skeletal system?
- Protects and supports body organs
- provides frame work for the muscles to use to cause movement
- Blood cells are synthesized within bones
- Bones store minerals
What are the basic functions of the Muscular system?
- Allows manipulation of the enviornment
- locomotion
- facial expression
- maintains posture
- produces heat
What are the basic functions of the Lymphatic/Immunity system?
- Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
- Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
- Houses White blood cells (lymphocytes)
- The immune response mounts ana attack against foreign substances in the body.
What are the Basic functions of the Respiratory system?
- keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and remove CO2
- Gas exchange occurs through the wallsof the sacs of the lungs
What are the basic functions of the Digestive system?
- breaks food down into absorbable units, so they can be sent to cells via the blood stream
- indigestable food matter is expelled as feces
What are the basic functions of the Nervous system?
- Control system of the body
- responds to internal and exteral changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands (effectors)
What are the basic functions of the Endocrine system?
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
What are the basic functions of the Cardiovascular system?
- Blood vesseld transport blood which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc.
- The heart pumps blood
What are the basic functions of the Urinary system?
- Eliminates Nitrogenous wastes from the body
- Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
What is the basic functions of the Male reproductive system?
- production of offspring
- produces sperm and male sex hormones
- delievers sperm to female reproductive tract
What are the Basic functions of the Female reproductive system?
- ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- produces offspring
- female structures are the sites for fertilization and development of the baby
- Mammary glands in the breasts secrete milk to feed the baby
Cell division leads to what?
growth
2 types of cell division.
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
Mitosis
Cells make exact copies of themselves
Meiosis
Produces gametes (sex cells) sperm and eggs
What is mitosis done for?
growth and repair
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body’s surface.
ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
