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Physiology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Endocrinology?

A
  • The study of Hormones that control many different metabolic processes of the body
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2
Q

Definition of Hormone

A
  • chemical messengers secreted by glands into extracellular fluid carried via the blood to target organs.
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3
Q

Hormones target _______ of the body, their effects are ____________.

A
  • target most all cells of the body
  • their effects are widespread
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4
Q

What works togther with the endocrine system?

A
  • The Nervous system; the nervous system coordinates with the endocrine system
  • The nervous system sends out signals to glands causing them to secrete hormone
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5
Q

Definition of Target organ

A
  • A specific organ a hormone works on
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6
Q

What are the qualities of endocrine glands?

A
  1. Ductless
  2. Produce hormones
  3. Highly vascularized
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7
Q

What organs are considered true endocrine glands?

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adreanal glands
  5. Pineal gland
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8
Q

What organs secrete hormone but are not considered true endocrine organs?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Gonads
  3. Placenta
  4. Pancreas
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9
Q

How far do hormones travel? How do hormones travel to their target organs?

A
  • Hormones travel long distances in the blood or lymph
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10
Q

What types of hormones do not ravel long distances?

A
  1. Autocrines
  2. Paracrines
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11
Q

What is an Autocrine? what is an example of an autocrine?

A
  • A chemical (hormone) that has an effect on the cell that produces it.
  • Example; cancer cells
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12
Q

What is a Paracrine? What is an example of a paracrine?

A
  • A paracrine is a locally acting chemical (hormone) that effect cells other than those that secrete the
  • Example; Neurons secreting neurotransmitters
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13
Q

True endocrine glands….

A
  • true endocrine glands only purpose is to make and secrete hormone
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14
Q

What are the chemical classifications of hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid based
  2. Steroids
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15
Q

Amino acid based hormones include…

A
  • Amines
  • thyroxine
  • peptides
  • proteins
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16
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Are synthesized from cholesterol
  • Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids
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17
Q

Hormones will influence cells that have ________ for it; _________

A
  • Receptors
  • Target cells
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18
Q

Hormones act as molecular ______that activate the target cell to respond.

A
  • Messengers
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19
Q

The activation of a target cell by a hormone depends on 3 things

A
  1. Blood level of hormone
  2. Relative number of receptors on or in the target cell
  3. Bonding affinity between the hormone and target cell
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20
Q

Can the number of recptors on/in target cells change? How?

A
  • Yes
  • Hormones influence the number of their receptors on or in a cell
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21
Q

Up-regulation

A
  • Target cells form more receptors in response to a hormone
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22
Q

Down-Regulation

A
  • Target cells decrease/reduce receptors in response to a hormone
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23
Q

What are the ways a hormone can change a target cell?

A
  1. Change plasma membrane permeability or potential
  2. stimulate synthesis of regulatory enzymes/proteins
  3. Activates/Deactivates enzymes
  4. Induces secretory activity
  5. Stimulates mitosis
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24
Q

Specific ______ have specific _______.

A
  • Hormones
  • Receptors
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25
Q

The amount of receptors on a cell change __________.

A
  • upon necessity
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26
Q

Hormones alter the rate at which _______.

A
  • The cell creates proteins
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27
Q

Where do peptide hormones bind?

A
  • on receptors on the outside of a cell causing a chemical reaction that triggers responses in cells
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28
Q

Where do steriod hormones bind?

A
  • To receptors on the inside of a cell
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29
Q

how do steriod hormones work?

A
  1. Steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds with an intracellular receptor
  2. The receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
  3. The receptor-hormone complex binds to a specific DNA region
  4. Binding causes transcription of the gene to mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
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30
Q

How do peptide hormones work?

A
  1. Hormone binds to receptor on the outside of the cell (Hormone is the first messenger)
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates Adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (cAMP is the second messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein Kinases
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31
Q

What are they different ways endocrine glands can be stimulated to release hormones?

A
  1. Humoral stimuli
  2. Neural Stimuli
  3. Hormonal stimuli
32
Q

What is humoral stimuli? what is an example of it?

A
  • When an endocrine gland secretes a hormone in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood to keep homeostasis
  • Glucagon release by pancreatic alpha cells in response to low blood glucose
33
Q

What is neural stimuli? What is an example of it?

A
  • Neurons stimulate hormone release
  • Contracting of smooth muscle in breast (expelling milk) in response to oxytocin which is stimulated by suckling.
34
Q

Hormones have profound effects at _________.

A
  • Low concentrations
35
Q

Hormones circulate in the blood _______ or ________.

A
  • Free
  • Bound
36
Q

Concentrations of hormones in the blood at any given time depends on:

A
  1. its rate of release
  2. speed at which it is inactivated or removed from the body (kidneys and liver)
  3. Half-life; The time ot takes to decrease the concentration of a given hormone by Half
37
Q

How long does it take to see the effect of hormones?

A
  • Seconds to Days
38
Q

Duration of hormone action ranges from _______ to ________ depending on_______

A
  • 10 seconds
  • several hours
  • depending on the hormone
39
Q

another name for the pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

40
Q

The Posterior gland has how many lobes? What are their names?

A
  • 2 lobes
  • Posterior
  • Anterior
41
Q

Posterior lobe of Pituitary

A
  • Releases neurohormones, hormones that are made by neurons
  • It is not a true endocrine gland
42
Q

Does the posterior pituitary make hormones?

A
  • No; the hypothalamus makes hormones which are stored in the axon terminals of neurons in the posterior pituitary where they are released
43
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary

A
  • Made of glandular tissue
  • True endocrine gland
  • Acts in conjunction with the hypothalamus to release it hormones
44
Q

How do Anterior pituitary hormones get realesed?

A
  • Hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones into primary capillary plexus
  • Hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to anterior pituitary where they trigger the inhibition or release of certain hormones made in the anterior pituitary
  • The glandular tissue in the anterior pituitary secretes hormones into the secondary capillary plexus in response to hypothalamic hormones
  • The hormones then enter general circulation
45
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes ________ based hormones called _______ also known as _________ and ___________

A
  • Amino acid based hormones
  • Catecholamines
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
46
Q

Hormones involved in short term stress

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
47
Q

How short term stress works

A
  • Hypothalamus—–> Spinal cord —–> Adrenal Medulla ——> catecholamines
48
Q

Effects of short term stress

A
  • Heart rate increases
  • Blood pressure increases
  • Bronchioles dialate
  • Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose into the blood
  • Blood flow changes; reducing digestive system activity and urine output
  • Metabolic rate increases
49
Q

Hormones involved in Long Term stress

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
50
Q

How Long term stress works

A
  • Hypothalamus —-> Anterior pituitary (corticotropic cells)—–> Adrenal cortex
  • Corticotropic cells secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone’s target is the adrenal cortex
  • Adrenal cortex releases steroid based hormones; mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
51
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes _______ based hormones.

A
  • Steroid based
52
Q

Effects of Long term stress

A
  • Kidneys retain sodium and water
  • Blood volume and blood pressure rise
  • Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
  • Blood glucose increases
  • Immune system surpressed
53
Q

What is another name for epinephrine?

A
  • Adrenaline
54
Q

Stress stimulates the ________.

A
  • Hypothalamus
55
Q

Tropic, Trophin, Trophic =

A
  • Affinity/Attraction
56
Q

Alpha cells of pancreas

A
  • produce glucagon
57
Q

Beta cells of the pancreas

A
  • Produce insulin
58
Q

The effects of glucagon and insulin are __________.

A
  • Antagonistic
59
Q

What is normal blood glucose?

A
  • 90/100 mgs per mL of blood
60
Q

__________ allows glucose to pass through cells.

A
  • Insulin
61
Q

Dibetes Mellitus results when there is _______ or ________ of __________.

A
  • Hyposecretion
  • Hypoactivity
  • Insulin
62
Q

Type I diabetes results from ________ of insulin.

A
  • Hyposecretion
63
Q

Type II diabetes results from ________ of insulin.

A
  • Hypoactivity
64
Q

Hyposecretion of insulin

A
  • not enogh insulin is being made to lower blood glucose
65
Q

Hypoactivity of insulin

A
  • Insulin resistance; beta cells are secreting insulin but the cells have become resistant to insulin resulting in hyperglycemia
66
Q

without glucose cells _______. What happens next?

A
  • Starve
  • Body makes more glucose avaliable
67
Q

Where does all this glucose go?

A
  • stored as glycogen in liver first, then fat, then fat in the body
  • leaves body through urine
68
Q

what will be used as an energy source if cells are unable to utilize glucose for energy?

A
  • Fat
69
Q

What is the problem with breaking down fats for energy?

A
  • Fats and metabolites combine to make ketone bodies (acetocetic acid, acetone, etc.)
  • Ketones are acidic
  • The building up of ketones in the body changes blood pH lowering it (acidifying)
  • when the body is overwhelmed with ketones they overflow into the urine
  • Too many ketones in the body can lead to ketoacidosis
70
Q

A metabolite is a ______ .

A

Side product

71
Q

Ketons are mostly ________ made by ________.

A
  • Acids
  • made by breaking down fat
72
Q

Polydipsia

A
  • Many drinks
73
Q

Polyuria

A
  • Urinate many times
74
Q

when it comes to diabetes, polyuria happens because

A
  • Sugar is leaving through the urine; water follows the glucose by osmosis.
75
Q

-emia

A
  • Related to the blood
76
Q
A

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