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Physiology > Chapter 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What does chemistry have to do with physiology?

A
  1. Your entire body is made up of chemicals
  2. Chemical reactions underline all processes that occur in the body
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2
Q

Your entire body is made up of what?

A

Chemicals

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3
Q

What underlines all the processes that occur in the body?

A

Chemical reactions

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4
Q

what is an example of processes in the body that are caused by chemical reactions?

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Muscle movement
  3. your heart pumping blood
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5
Q

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?

A

Redox (reduction-oxidation)

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6
Q

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ———> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy + Heat

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat

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7
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A
  1. Covalent Bonds
  2. Hydrogen Bonds
  3. Ionic Bonds
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8
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A bond formed by atoms sharing electrons

  • do not conduct electricity
  • do not easily dissolve in water
  • tend to be gases or softer solids
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9
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons. Oxygen is electronegative (electron greedy). Electrons spend more time around the more electronegative atom. In the case of hydrogen and oxygenthe electrons spend more time in closer proximity to oxygen.

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10
Q

Polarity

A

The separation of charges.

ex. a polar covalent bond

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11
Q

polar covalent bond

A

A covalent bond in which the two atoms have different electronegativities, causing a separation of charges.

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12
Q

Nonpolar Covalent bond

A

a covalent bond in which the two atoms have identical or very similar electronegativities so that the charges are distributed evenly.

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13
Q

Covalent bonds are usually formed by what?

A

Nonmetals and metalloids

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14
Q

Electron shells of metals…

A

metals have loosley held outer electron shells, they consistantly drop electrons and become positive ions.

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15
Q

What creates an ionic bond?

A

When positive ions meet negative ions such as those found in the hallogen family, they are attracted to eachother, they bond to keep their energy use at the lowest possible minimum.

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16
Q

Ionic bond

A

A bond formed by the transfer of electronsfrom one atom to another.

  • They are extremely polar; more than polar covalent bonds
  • ions usually have a crystaline form
  • usually dissolve in water
  • ions once dissolved in water give the water the ability to conduct electricity.
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

The attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule.

  • Attraction between a positive and a negative
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19
Q

What are human made out of?

A

matter

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20
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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21
Q

What are the states of matter?

A
  1. Liquid
  2. Solid
  3. Gas
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22
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

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23
Q

What are the types of energy?

A
  1. Kinetic
  2. Potential
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24
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy in motion

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25
Q

Potential energy

A

has the potential to become kinetic energy

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26
Q

What are the forms of energy?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Electrical
  3. Mechanical
  4. Radiant
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27
Q

Chemical energy

A

Chemical enegy is stored in bonds between atoms

ex. ATP

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28
Q

Electrical energy

A

movement of charged particles

ex. nervous system, mucles

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29
Q

Mechanical energy

A

moving matter

ex. riding a bike

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30
Q

Radient energy

A

Travels in waves

ex. ultra violet radiation from the sun

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31
Q

Energy can be ___________ into different forms

A

Converted

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32
Q

Energy cannot be __________ or __________. It can only be __________.

A
  1. created
  2. destroyed
  3. converted
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33
Q

what is true of energy conversions?

A

They are inefficient, energy is always lost as heat.

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34
Q

what do chemical reactions do?

A

make or break bonds between atoms; they absorb or release energy

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35
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

absorb more energy than they release

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36
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

release more energy than they absorb

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37
Q

Endergonic and Exergonic reactions are coupled to do what?

A

release and provide energy

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38
Q

Types of reactions

A
  1. Synthesis reaction
  2. Decomposition reaction
  3. Exchange reactions
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39
Q

synthesis reactions

A
  • smaller particles are bonded together to form larger more complex molecules
    ex. Amino acids join together to make a protein molecule
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40
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A
  • Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules.
    ex. glycogen is broken down to release glucose units
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41
Q

Exchange reactions

A
  • Bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions)
    ex. ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose- phosphate.
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42
Q

Do which types of reactions occur in cells?

A

All three (synthesis, decomp, and exchange)

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43
Q

The synthesis of molecules in a cell

A

Anabolism

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44
Q

What type of reaction represents Anabolism?

A

Synthesis reaction

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45
Q

The decomposition reactions in a cell

A

Catabolism

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46
Q

What type of reaction represents Catabolism?

A

Decomposition reaction

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47
Q

Metabolism

A
  • Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
  • Metabolism is all the chemical reactions in a cell
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48
Q

Redox reactions

A
  • Oxidation-reduction reactions
  • Combination of decomposition and exchange reactions
  • Break a molecule down and use the pieces to build a new molecule
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49
Q

Oxidation

A

LEO

  • Loss of Electrons; Oxidation
50
Q

Reduction

A

GER

  • Gain of Electrons; _R_educed — Think of it as the compond’s positivity is reduced
51
Q

What is an example of a redox reaction in the human body?

A

Cellular respiration; because glucose is oxidized loosing hydrogen atoms and turning into carbon dioxide. Oxygen is reduced to water by gaining the lost electrons

52
Q

What is unique about the redox reaction of cellular respiration?

A

It cannot be reversed; meaning you cannot take carbon dioxide, water, heat and ATP to make glucose and oxygen.

53
Q

Why are hydrogens considered the same thing as electrons?

A

because hydrogen has only one electron

54
Q

Is cellular respiration the only redox reaction in the human body?

A

No there are tons of redox reactions in the human body

55
Q

Are reactions reversible?

A

While cellular respiration is not a reversible reaction, some reactions are reversible in theory. Some reactios are more reversible than others, but some reversable reactions may require speacial conditions; ex. heat and water

56
Q

What influences the rate of a chemical reaction?

A
  1. Temperature: the higher the temp the faster the reaction
  2. Concentration: how much of something you have- if you have more it takes longer
  3. Particle size: How big the particle are; smaller particles move faster
  4. Catalysts (enzymes): enzymes are found inside cells, they are a protein that speeds up a reaction.
57
Q

What are the 2 principle classes of important biological molecules?

A
  1. Organic
  2. Inorganic
58
Q

Inorganic molecules

A
  • Usually small and simple molecules
  • Lack carbon

ex. Water molecule

59
Q

Organic molecules

A
  • Structurally complex - use more elements and always use carbon
  • Carbon based- always have carbon
  • Covalent bonds
60
Q

Life depends on _____.

A

Carbon

61
Q

Why is carbon so important?

A
  • Carbon’s electron arrangement; it can always form 4 bonds
  • it is an unstable element and always wants to make bonds
  • Carbon is the basis for building larger and larger molecules
62
Q

What is a major inorganic compound?

A

water

63
Q

_________ is vital to life.

A

Water

64
Q

Why is water vital to life?

A
  • Water dissolves solutes
  • chemical reactions require water (synthesis, redox, decomp.)
  • 60-80% of cell volume is water
65
Q

What makes water suitable for life?

A
  1. High heat capacity
  2. High heat of vaporization
  3. Polar solvent
  4. Hydrogen Bonds
  5. Important Reactant Provides cushioning
66
Q

What does it mean when its said that water has a high heat capacity?

A
  • significant amount of heat energy ir required to break bonds; water has a high boiling point (this is because of it’s hydrogen bonds)
67
Q

Why is it good that water has a high heat capacity?

A

its good because this means that if our temperature goes up we won’t cook inside, and the oceans won’t boil.

68
Q

What does it mean when it is said that water has a high heat of vaporization?

A

when liquid turns into gas it removes heat.

ex. Sweating removes heat

69
Q

Water is a _____ solvent and because it is a _____ solvent …

A

water is a polar solvent because of its unequal sharing of electrons (polar covalent bonds) This gives it special properties that sustain life.

  • it dissolves things very well; ex. Na+Cl- is pulled apart by hydrogen (+) and Oxygen (-)
  • it is an excellent transport medium
70
Q

Water is an important ________ in chemical reactions.

A

reactant

71
Q

Reactant

A

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction.

72
Q

Monomer

A

“part” is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer

73
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Remove water to make a dimer

74
Q

Hydrolysis

A

add water to break bonds

75
Q

Water provides _________.

A

Cushioning, it helps to protect and pad.

76
Q

Salts

A
  • An ionic compound; ether a Cation or an Anion
  • they carry a charge
  • salts = ions = electrolytes
77
Q

Electrolytes

A

An ion/salt that carries an current

78
Q

What ion is this?

A

Sodium

79
Q

What ion is this?

A

Potassium

80
Q

What ion is this?

A

Chloride

81
Q

What ion is this?

A

Calcium

82
Q

What ion is this?

A

Magnesium

83
Q

What are the main electrolytes in body fluid?

A
  1. NaCl- sodium chloride
  2. CaCO3 calcium carbonate
  3. KCl Potassium chloride

*These are important because neurons communicate by the movement of ions

** Ion balance is crucial

84
Q

6 common elements composing the human body.

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Potassium
  4. Sodium
  5. Iodine
  6. Iron
85
Q

Calcium

A

Atomic symbol: Ca

  • Found as a salt in the bones and teeth, its ionic (Ca2+) form is required for muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting
86
Q

Phosphorus

A

Atomic symbol: P

part of calciumphosphate salts in bone and teeth. Also present in nucleic acids, and part of ATP.

87
Q

Potassium

A

Atomic symbol: K

it’s ion K+ is th emajor cation in cells. Necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction.

88
Q

Sodium

A

Atomic symbol: Na

as an ion Na+ sodium is the major cation found in extracellular fluids. Important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.

89
Q

Iodine

A

Atomic symbol: I

needed to make functional thyroid hormones

90
Q

Iron

A

Atomic symbol: Fe

component of hemoglobin (which transports oxygen within a red blood cell) and store enzymes.

91
Q

Acid

A

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (proton)

  • donates H+ to water molecules creating hydronium (proton donor)
  • very reactive and corrosive
  • HCl; hydrochloric acid
  • water can break dowm HCl and cause it to give off hydrogens
92
Q

pH

A

power of hydrogen

93
Q

Base

A

A substance that dissociates into a cation and a hydrogen ion (OH-)

  • Accepts/takes H+ from water molecules when mixed with water (proton acceptor)
  • NaOH sodium hydroxide
  • bases can nuetralize things
94
Q

Acid-base balance

A
  • Is crucial for an organisms survival
  • imbalance of acids and bases disrupts the cell’s functioning particullarly the enzymes
95
Q

How do we measure acid base concentrations?

A
  • The pH scale
  • 0 = acid
  • 14 = base
  • 7 = neutral
  • when measuring pH you are measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
96
Q

What do brackets mean?

[H+] [NaCl]

A
  • Brackets mean concentration of something
97
Q

which is more 100 or 10-14 ?

A
  • 100 because 100 = 1 which is alot
  • the 1 means a 1 molar solution
98
Q

Another word for a base is?

A

Alkaline

99
Q

What is a buffer?

A
  • a compund that keeps pH levels from changing drastically
  • Lungs and kidneys are a major player in acid base balance
100
Q

what are organic compounds?

A
  • Molecules that contain carbon
101
Q

What is so special about carbon why is it ideal for building life?

A
  • Carbon can bond with 4 other atoms
  • this makes the combinations endless
102
Q

What is a chain of carbon atoms called?

A

a carbon skeleton

103
Q

To build an organic compound you need…

A

small organic molecules

104
Q

What are Macromolecules?

A
  • Polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules
  • the smaller molecules are called monomers
105
Q

How are polymers/macromolecules formed?

A
  • Monomers join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
106
Q

What are the major macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
107
Q

Which macromolecules are formed by dehydration synthesis?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic Acids
108
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • General function:
  • plays apart in cell structure
  • energy source
  • Where in the body they can be found:
  • in the food we eat
  • glycogen in the liver
  • Examples:
  • consists of C, H, O with the formula (CH2O) n
  • Monosaccarides: glucose
  • Disaccarides: sucrose
  • Polysaccharides: starch
  • cellulose
109
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A
  • simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms
110
Q

What are Disaccharides, how are they formed? and how can they be broken apart?

A
  • They are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis reaction
  • They can be broken down throw hydrolysis
111
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • consists of tens of hundreds of monosaccharides
112
Q

How are starch, glycogen, dextran and cellulose related?

A

They are all polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded differently

113
Q

Lipids

A
  • General functions:
  • part of cell membranes—- phospholipid bilayer
  • Where in the body they can be found:
  • simple lipids
  • phospholipids
  • Steroids/sterols
  • Examples:
  • fat in subcutaneous tissue
  • hormones
  • phosholipids in cell membranes
114
Q

Lipids consist of…

A

(carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)

115
Q

Lipids are…

A

Non polar and insoluable in water

116
Q

Nonpolar =

A

Hydrophobic

117
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A
  1. Simple lipids; fats or triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids/Sterols; cholesterol
118
Q

Simple lipids

A
  • Fats or triglycerides
  • contain glycerol and fatty acids
  • Formed by dehydration synthesis
  • found in fat deposites of subcutaneous tissue and around organs
  • protects and insulates organs
  • major source of stored energy
119
Q
A
  • saturated fats are full of hydrogens
  • unsaturated fats are not full of hydrogens and create kinks in the tails
  • the kink is caused by a double bond of carbon that is why it is not hydrogen saturated.
120
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • membranes are made

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