Blood Flashcards
In a single drop of blood what cells are found most often which cells are found less?
- Red Blood cells (RBCs)
- Platelets
- White Blood cells (WBCs)
Why is blood important for life?
- Blood carries nutrients, wastes, and gases
What is blood?
- Blood is a connective tissue that transports substances in the body
What does the blood transport?
- Hormones, wastes, body heat and nutrients
Blood is not an evenly mixed substance what is this called?
- Homogenous
What is blood made of?
- Living blood cells suspended in a fluid
- it is composed of:
- RBCs or erythrocytes
- Plasma
- WBCs or leukocytes
- Platelets
how many types of WBCs are there?
- 5 different types
spinning down the blood causes what to separate?
- RBCs
- Plasma
- Buffy coat (WBCs)
how much of blood is plasma?
- about 55%
How much of plasma is water? What does plasma do?
- 90% of plasma volume
- solvent for carrying other substances, also suspends substances
- absorbs heat
What salts are found in blood?
- Sodium (cation)
- Potassium (cation)
- Calcium (cation)
- Magnesium (cation)
- Chloride (anion)
- Bicarbonate (anion)
- Phosphate (anion)
- Sulfate (anion)
Why are salts in the blood? What do they do?
- Osmotic balance
- pH buffering
- regulation of membrane permeability
- Water balance
What proteins are present in blood? and what do they do?
- Albumin
- Fibrinogen
- Globulins
- Help to control osmotic pressure
- maintain water balance in blood and tissues
- pH buffering
- assist in clotting of blood
- Defense (antibodies)
- Lipid transport
- enzymatic
- 8% of plasma weight
What specific substances are transported by the blood?
- Nutrients; glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins.
- Waste Products of metabolism; urea and uric acid
- Respiratory gases; O2 and CO2
- Hormones; steroids and thyroid hormone are carried by plasma proteins
What carries steroid and thyroid hormone through the blood?
- plasma proteins
Erythrocytes (RBCs) function?
- Transport O2 and help transport CO2
Leukocytes (WBCs) function?
- Defense and immunity
What are they types of WBCs?
- Basophil
- Eosinphil
- Neutrophil
- Lymphocyte
- Monocyte
What WBC is this? What does it do?
- Basophil
- multi/bilobed nucleus
- granules in cytoplasm
- Increases with allergic reactions
What WBC is this? What does it do?
- Eosinophil
- a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin.
- Lobed horshoe shaped nuclei
- Increase with parasitic infections
What WBC is this and what does it do?
- Neutrophil
- Increase during acute infection
What WBC is this and what does it do?
- Lymphocyte
- a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system.
- Increase with viral infection
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What is this WBC and what does it do?
- Monocyte
- a large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear, grayish cytoplasm.
- long term “clean up” team, found with chronic infections (tuberculosis)
What is a platelet? What do blood platelets do?
- A cell fragment
- Aid in blood clotting by sticking together
Albumin (blood)
- 60% of plasma proteins are
- Produced by the liver
- main contributor to osmotic pressure
Globulins
- 36% of plasma proteins are
Alpha and Beta proteins
- Produced by liver
- most are transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluable vitamins
Who makes most of the plasma proteins and secretes them into the blood?
- The liver
gamma proteins
- Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.
Fibrinogen
- 4% of plasma proteins
- produced by liver
- forms fibrin threads of a blood clot
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances in blood
- by-products of cellular metabolism
- urea, uric acid, creatinine and amonium salts
Organic nutrients in blood
- Materials absorbed by digestive tract and transported for use through out the body; glucose and other simple carbohydrates, amino acids (protein digestion products), fatty acids gylcerol and trigylcerides (fat digestion products), cholesterol and vitamins
Respiratory gases in the blood
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide
- oxygen is bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs
- Carbondioxide is transported dissolved as bicarbonate ion or CO2, or bound to hemoglobin in RBCs
Hemacrit
- aka. (hct)
- measures percent of RBCs in blood
- hct is always given in %
- Normal hct 40-45%
Low hct
- Anemia
High hct
- polycythemia; can be caused by bone marrow cancer or visiting high altitude
blood is ________ with a ___________ taste.
- Sticky (glucose)
- Metallic (iron)
blood is ________ and has a pH of ___________.
- Alkaline
- 7.35 - 7.45
What tempreature is blood?
- 100.4 F
how much of your body weight does blood account for?
- 8%
What is the shape and function of RBCs?
- round biconcave
- carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
what is so special about mature red blood cells?
- They are Anucleate (no nucleus)
RBCs contain the gobular protein ______.
- Hemoglobin
RBCs _________ they constantly need to be __________.
- Die quickly
- replenished
how often are RBCs replenished?
- Every 120 days
Where does O2 bind to on the hemoglobin?
- heme
Hemoglobin contains ________.
- iron
Why is hemeglobin so important?
- more Hemoglobin (HB) more O2
- Hemeglobin can bind with oxygen which is necessary for cellular respiration
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin bind with?
- 4 molecules of O2
How many Hb molecules are in a RBC?
- millions
more Hb more ______
- Oxygen
Hb contains _____ that carries _________ and small amounts of _________.
- iron
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
RBCs do not use any of the oxygen they carry to make ATP why is this so?
- RBCs make ATP anaerobically
a decrease in RBCs means…
- a decrease in Hb which leads to Anemia
Why is hemoglobin so important?
- its the protein that carries O2 to tissues
- each hemoglobin molecule cand bind 4 molecules of O2
- more Hb more oxygen
- A decrease in RBCs, means less Hb which causes anemia.
Sickle cell anemia
- Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
- Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin which becomes sharp and sickle shaped under conditions where more oxygen is used by the body; occurs mainly in people of african descent
iron deficency anemia
- inadequate Hb in RBCs
- Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding (heavy menstural flow or bleeding ulcer) which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack Hb
Hemolytic anemia
- Decrease in RBC number
- Lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infection (staph infection; MRSA)
Leukocytes
- White blood cells (WBCs)
- Less in number than RBCs
- defends body against disease
- The only complete cells in blood (they have a nucleus and organelles)
- Infection= doubling of WBCs in your blood
Leukocytosis
- high WBC count
Leukopenia
- low WBC count
platelets
- attach to site of injury and trigger blood clotting
What controls RBC production?
- A hormone released by the kidneys called erythropoitin (EPO)
small amounts of EPO are circulating in your blood at all times, why?
- you are constantly making new RBCs
__________ play a major role in producing EPO.
- Kidneys
What happens if O2 levels in the blood become too low?
- Kidneys increase EPO production
How can EPO be misused and cause bodily damage?
- blood doping
- Taking EPO will increase RBCs allowing more oxygen to be bound and used
- This is dangerous because it increases the viscosity (thickness) of the blood which makes the heart work harder.
Erythropoiesis
- production of RBC
- RBCs are produced in red bone marrow
Homeostasis of blood
- stimulus; low blood O2 carrying ability due to
- Decreased RBC count
- Decreased amount of hemoglobin
- decreased avalibility of O2
- Kindney ( and liver to a smaller extent) release EPO
- EPO stimulates red bone marroe
- Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count
- O2 carrying ability of the blood increases
Rupture of a blood vessel wall will initiate a series of events in order to maintain ____________.
- hemostasis; the stopping of blood flow, keeping amount of blood in the body stable.
hemostasis is a _________, ___________ response that involves many ___________.
- Fast
- Localized
- Substances
What are the 3 major steps to hemostasis?
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
Vascular spasms
- Step one of hemostasis
- vascular spasms occur; smooth muscle in blood vessel wallscontracts causing vasoconstriction.
Platelet plug formation
- second step in hemostasis
- injury to lining of blood vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere to collagen fibers.
- platelets release chemicals that make near by platelets sticky; platelet plug forms
Coagulation
- The third step in hemostasis
- clotting factors in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with calcium ions to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin
- Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets forming a clot.
Antigens
- Proteins on the plasma membrane of RBCs
Antibodies
- Proteins found in the plasma that will recognize and lyse foreign blood cells.
Hemostasis and homeostasis are 2 different things T/F
- True, hemostasis can be a part of homeostasis but they are not the same thing.
What kind of feed back mechanism is hemostasis?
- Positive feedback mechanism
Fibrin
- A protein that creates a mesh band-aid that traps RBCs and platelets
How many blood types are ther?
- 4
What are the 4 different blood types?
- A
- B
- AB
- O
Antibodies ______ ________, _________ cells and foreign things in the blood for ____________.
- Fight Infections
- Marks
- Destruction
Rh factor
- Named after Rhesus monkies in which this protein was first found
- An Rh factor is a protein antigen that is found on RBCs
- Its presence makes a blood type positive
- A lack of Rh factor makes a blood type negative
Rhogam
- a medication
What kind of blood can AB blood types accept?
- A, B, AB and O
- Universal recipiant
What kind of blood can B blood types accept?
- B and O
What type of blood can A blood types recieve?
- A or O
What type of Blood can O blood types recieve?
- Only O
- Universal donor
Antibody and Antigen
- Antibody defends body
- Antigensresist antibodies on RBCs
What antibodies do AB blood types have?
- None
What antibodies do A blood types have?
- Anti-B
What kind of antibodies do B blood types have?
- Anti-A
What kind of antibodies do O blood types have?
- Anti-A
- Anti-B
