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Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

In a single drop of blood what cells are found most often which cells are found less?

A
  1. Red Blood cells (RBCs)
  2. Platelets
  3. White Blood cells (WBCs)
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2
Q

Why is blood important for life?

A
  • Blood carries nutrients, wastes, and gases
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3
Q

What is blood?

A
  • Blood is a connective tissue that transports substances in the body
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4
Q

What does the blood transport?

A
  • Hormones, wastes, body heat and nutrients
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5
Q

Blood is not an evenly mixed substance what is this called?

A
  • Homogenous
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6
Q

What is blood made of?

A
  • Living blood cells suspended in a fluid
    • it is composed of:
    • RBCs or erythrocytes
    • Plasma
    • WBCs or leukocytes
    • Platelets
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7
Q

how many types of WBCs are there?

A
  • 5 different types
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8
Q

spinning down the blood causes what to separate?

A
  • RBCs
  • Plasma
  • Buffy coat (WBCs)
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9
Q

how much of blood is plasma?

A
  • about 55%
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10
Q

How much of plasma is water? What does plasma do?

A
  • 90% of plasma volume
  • solvent for carrying other substances, also suspends substances
  • absorbs heat
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11
Q

What salts are found in blood?

A
  1. Sodium (cation)
  2. Potassium (cation)
  3. Calcium (cation)
  4. Magnesium (cation)
  5. Chloride (anion)
  6. Bicarbonate (anion)
  7. Phosphate (anion)
  8. Sulfate (anion)
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12
Q

Why are salts in the blood? What do they do?

A
  • Osmotic balance
  • pH buffering
  • regulation of membrane permeability
  • Water balance
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13
Q

What proteins are present in blood? and what do they do?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Fibrinogen
  3. Globulins
  • Help to control osmotic pressure
  • maintain water balance in blood and tissues
  • pH buffering
  • assist in clotting of blood
  • Defense (antibodies)
  • Lipid transport
  • enzymatic
  • 8% of plasma weight
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14
Q

What specific substances are transported by the blood?

A
  • Nutrients; glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins.
  • Waste Products of metabolism; urea and uric acid
  • Respiratory gases; O2 and CO2
  • Hormones; steroids and thyroid hormone are carried by plasma proteins
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15
Q

What carries steroid and thyroid hormone through the blood?

A
  • plasma proteins
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16
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs) function?

A
  • Transport O2 and help transport CO2
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17
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs) function?

A
  • Defense and immunity
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18
Q

What are they types of WBCs?

A
  1. Basophil
  2. Eosinphil
  3. Neutrophil
  4. Lymphocyte
  5. Monocyte
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19
Q

What WBC is this? What does it do?

A
  • Basophil
  • multi/bilobed nucleus
  • granules in cytoplasm
  • Increases with allergic reactions
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20
Q

What WBC is this? What does it do?

A
  • Eosinophil
  • a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin.
  • Lobed horshoe shaped nuclei
  • Increase with parasitic infections
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21
Q

What WBC is this and what does it do?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Increase during acute infection
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22
Q

What WBC is this and what does it do?

A
  • Lymphocyte
  • a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system.
  • Increase with viral infection

*

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23
Q

What is this WBC and what does it do?

A
  • Monocyte
  • a large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear, grayish cytoplasm.
  • long term “clean up” team, found with chronic infections (tuberculosis)
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24
Q

What is a platelet? What do blood platelets do?

A
  • A cell fragment
  • Aid in blood clotting by sticking together
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25
Q

Albumin (blood)

A
  • 60% of plasma proteins are
  • Produced by the liver
  • main contributor to osmotic pressure
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26
Q

Globulins

A
  • 36% of plasma proteins are
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27
Q

Alpha and Beta proteins

A
  • Produced by liver
  • most are transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluable vitamins
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28
Q

Who makes most of the plasma proteins and secretes them into the blood?

A
  • The liver
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29
Q

gamma proteins

A
  • Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.
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30
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • 4% of plasma proteins
  • produced by liver
  • forms fibrin threads of a blood clot
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31
Q

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances in blood

A
  • by-products of cellular metabolism
  • urea, uric acid, creatinine and amonium salts
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32
Q

Organic nutrients in blood

A
  • Materials absorbed by digestive tract and transported for use through out the body; glucose and other simple carbohydrates, amino acids (protein digestion products), fatty acids gylcerol and trigylcerides (fat digestion products), cholesterol and vitamins
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33
Q

Respiratory gases in the blood

A
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • oxygen is bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs
  • Carbondioxide is transported dissolved as bicarbonate ion or CO2, or bound to hemoglobin in RBCs
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34
Q

Hemacrit

A
  • aka. (hct)
  • measures percent of RBCs in blood
  • hct is always given in %
  • Normal hct 40-45%
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35
Q

Low hct

A
  • Anemia
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36
Q

High hct

A
  • polycythemia; can be caused by bone marrow cancer or visiting high altitude
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37
Q

blood is ________ with a ___________ taste.

A
  • Sticky (glucose)
  • Metallic (iron)
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38
Q

blood is ________ and has a pH of ___________.

A
  • Alkaline
  • 7.35 - 7.45
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39
Q

What tempreature is blood?

A
  • 100.4 F
40
Q

how much of your body weight does blood account for?

A
  • 8%
41
Q

What is the shape and function of RBCs?

A
  • round biconcave
  • carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
42
Q

what is so special about mature red blood cells?

A
  • They are Anucleate (no nucleus)
43
Q

RBCs contain the gobular protein ______.

A
  • Hemoglobin
44
Q

RBCs _________ they constantly need to be __________.

A
  • Die quickly
  • replenished
45
Q

how often are RBCs replenished?

A
  • Every 120 days
46
Q

Where does O2 bind to on the hemoglobin?

A
  • heme
47
Q

Hemoglobin contains ________.

A
  • iron
48
Q

Why is hemeglobin so important?

A
  • more Hemoglobin (HB) more O2
  • Hemeglobin can bind with oxygen which is necessary for cellular respiration
49
Q

How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin bind with?

A
  • 4 molecules of O2
50
Q

How many Hb molecules are in a RBC?

A
  • millions
51
Q

more Hb more ______

A
  • Oxygen
52
Q

Hb contains _____ that carries _________ and small amounts of _________.

A
  • iron
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
53
Q

RBCs do not use any of the oxygen they carry to make ATP why is this so?

A
  • RBCs make ATP anaerobically
54
Q

a decrease in RBCs means…

A
  • a decrease in Hb which leads to Anemia
55
Q

Why is hemoglobin so important?

A
  • its the protein that carries O2 to tissues
  • each hemoglobin molecule cand bind 4 molecules of O2
  • more Hb more oxygen
  • A decrease in RBCs, means less Hb which causes anemia.
56
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
  • Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin which becomes sharp and sickle shaped under conditions where more oxygen is used by the body; occurs mainly in people of african descent
57
Q

iron deficency anemia

A
  • inadequate Hb in RBCs
  • Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding (heavy menstural flow or bleeding ulcer) which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack Hb
58
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A
  • Decrease in RBC number
  • Lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infection (staph infection; MRSA)
59
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • White blood cells (WBCs)
  • Less in number than RBCs
  • defends body against disease
  • The only complete cells in blood (they have a nucleus and organelles)
  • Infection= doubling of WBCs in your blood
60
Q

Leukocytosis

A
  • high WBC count
61
Q

Leukopenia

A
  • low WBC count
62
Q

platelets

A
  • attach to site of injury and trigger blood clotting
63
Q

What controls RBC production?

A
  • A hormone released by the kidneys called erythropoitin (EPO)
64
Q

small amounts of EPO are circulating in your blood at all times, why?

A
  • you are constantly making new RBCs
65
Q

__________ play a major role in producing EPO.

A
  • Kidneys
66
Q

What happens if O2 levels in the blood become too low?

A
  • Kidneys increase EPO production
67
Q

How can EPO be misused and cause bodily damage?

A
  • blood doping
  • Taking EPO will increase RBCs allowing more oxygen to be bound and used
  • This is dangerous because it increases the viscosity (thickness) of the blood which makes the heart work harder.
68
Q

Erythropoiesis

A
  • production of RBC
  • RBCs are produced in red bone marrow
69
Q

Homeostasis of blood

A
  • stimulus; low blood O2 carrying ability due to
    • Decreased RBC count
    • Decreased amount of hemoglobin
    • decreased avalibility of O2
  • Kindney ( and liver to a smaller extent) release EPO
  • EPO stimulates red bone marroe
  • Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count
  • O2 carrying ability of the blood increases
70
Q

Rupture of a blood vessel wall will initiate a series of events in order to maintain ____________.

A
  • hemostasis; the stopping of blood flow, keeping amount of blood in the body stable.
71
Q

hemostasis is a _________, ___________ response that involves many ___________.

A
  • Fast
  • Localized
  • Substances
72
Q

What are the 3 major steps to hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
73
Q

Vascular spasms

A
  • Step one of hemostasis
  • vascular spasms occur; smooth muscle in blood vessel wallscontracts causing vasoconstriction.
74
Q

Platelet plug formation

A
  • second step in hemostasis
  • injury to lining of blood vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere to collagen fibers.
  • platelets release chemicals that make near by platelets sticky; platelet plug forms
75
Q

Coagulation

A
  • The third step in hemostasis
  • clotting factors in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with calcium ions to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin
  • Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets forming a clot.
76
Q

Antigens

A
  • Proteins on the plasma membrane of RBCs
77
Q

Antibodies

A
  • Proteins found in the plasma that will recognize and lyse foreign blood cells.
78
Q

Hemostasis and homeostasis are 2 different things T/F

A
  • True, hemostasis can be a part of homeostasis but they are not the same thing.
79
Q

What kind of feed back mechanism is hemostasis?

A
  • Positive feedback mechanism
80
Q

Fibrin

A
  • A protein that creates a mesh band-aid that traps RBCs and platelets
81
Q

How many blood types are ther?

A
  • 4
82
Q

What are the 4 different blood types?

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
83
Q

Antibodies ______ ________, _________ cells and foreign things in the blood for ____________.

A
  • Fight Infections
  • Marks
  • Destruction
84
Q

Rh factor

A
  • Named after Rhesus monkies in which this protein was first found
  • An Rh factor is a protein antigen that is found on RBCs
  • Its presence makes a blood type positive
  • A lack of Rh factor makes a blood type negative
85
Q

Rhogam

A
  • a medication
86
Q

What kind of blood can AB blood types accept?

A
  • A, B, AB and O
  • Universal recipiant
87
Q

What kind of blood can B blood types accept?

A
  • B and O
88
Q

What type of blood can A blood types recieve?

A
  • A or O
89
Q

What type of Blood can O blood types recieve?

A
  • Only O
  • Universal donor
90
Q

Antibody and Antigen

A
  • Antibody defends body
  • Antigensresist antibodies on RBCs
91
Q

What antibodies do AB blood types have?

A
  • None
92
Q

What antibodies do A blood types have?

A
  • Anti-B
93
Q

What kind of antibodies do B blood types have?

A
  • Anti-A
94
Q

What kind of antibodies do O blood types have?

A
  • Anti-A
  • Anti-B
95
Q
A

Physiology (15 decks)

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