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Physiology > Metabolic Reactions > Flashcards

Metabolic Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Cellular respiration with oxygen
  • Cells use oxygen to make ATP
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2
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration? What type of reaction is it?

A
  • C6H12O6 ——-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat
  • its a redox reaction
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3
Q

What are the 3 major steps in Cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
  3. Electron Transport chain
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4
Q

What holds Carbon together? What happens when you break apart glucose?

A
  • Electrons (e-) hold carbon togther , electrons have high energy
  • When glucose is broken apart it releases high energy e-
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5
Q

Whats the point of cellular respiration?

A
  • To turn glucose into ATP
  • To trap chemical energy in ATP
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6
Q

What must be present in Cellular respiration to oxidize?

A
  • Oxygen
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7
Q

What enzymes are involved in cellular respiration?

A
  1. Dehydrogenase:an enzyme that accelerates the removal of hydrogen from metabolites and its transfer to other substances
  2. Oxidases: Transfer oxygen
  3. Coenzymes: accept hydrogens (or electrons) ex. NAD and FAD
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8
Q

Metabolite

A

a substance formed in or necessary for metabolism.

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9
Q

Step 1 of cellular respiration

A
  • Step one of cellular respiration is called Glycolysis
  • Glycolysis happens in the cytosol
  • During Glycolysis Glucose gets split into pyruvate and small amounts of ATP are made as well as NADH (an electron carrying enzyme) is made.
  • 11-12 enzymes involved in turnng glucose into pyruvate
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10
Q

Step 2 of cellular respiration

A
  • Pyruvate is modified into Acetyl CoA
  • This happens in the mitochondria
  • During the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA is turned into Carbon dioxide, a small amount of ATP, and NADH (enzyme that carries electrons; think of little cars carrying electrons to their final destination)
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11
Q

Phosphorylation

A
  • the process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.
  • oxidative phosphorylation the final common pathway of aerobic energy metabolismin which high-energy phosphate bonds are formed by phosphorylation of ADP to ATPcoupled with the transfer of electrons along a chain of carrier proteins with molecularoxygen as the final acceptor. It occurs in mitochondria.
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12
Q

Step 3 of cellular respiration

A
  • This step is called the Electron Transport Chain
  • This occurs in the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen
  • Electrons are sent through a series of reactions and you get Alot of ATP
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor (it gets reduced); water is then made
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13
Q

Substrate phosphorylation

A
  • When ATP is created during glycolysis and the krebs cycle.
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14
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A
  • When ATP is created by chemiosmosis in the electron transport chain.
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15
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

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16
Q

What enzymes carriy electrons in cellular respiration?

A
  • NADH
  • FADH2
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17
Q

Can cellular respiration occur without oxygen?

A
  • Yes, but very little ATP will be made; this is Anerobic respiration
  • This happens during exercise and lactic acid is made because the muscles are not getting enough oxygen
18
Q

When does oxygen come into play in cellular respiration?

A
  • During the Electron transport chain
19
Q

How much ATP can one molecule of glucose yeild?

A
  • 32 ATP molecules
20
Q

1 mole of glucose= 686kcal; 282 kcal captured in an ATP molecule, what happened to the other 404 kcal?

A
  • 404 kcal is lost as heat during the reaction
  • Cells are very efficient though; man made machiens are only 10-30% energy efficient.
21
Q

What is this process?

A
  • Protein synthesis
22
Q

What is a ribosome made out of?

A
  • RNA called rRNA
23
Q

What is are the main steps in Protein synthesis?

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. Protein
24
Q

Gene

A

•segment of DNA molecule containing information to make one polypeptide chain

25
Q

Some genes code for_____.

A
  • Different types of RNA
26
Q

mRNA

A
  • Messenger RNA
27
Q

rRNA

A
  • Ribosomal RNA
28
Q

tRNA

A
  • Transfer RNA
29
Q

tRNA

A
  • Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
  • A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and archaically referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins. Helps in decoding the mRNA to make a polypeptide chain
30
Q

Steps to protein synthesis

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
31
Q

First step of transcription

A
  1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, pries apart the 2 DNA strands and initiates RNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand.
32
Q

Second step of transcription

A
  1. Elongation: RNA polymerase moves across the template strand, elongating the mRNA strand by copying one base at a time, it unwinds and rewinds the DNA double helix behind it as it goes. happens in three steps
  • Codon Recognition
  • Peptide Bond formation
  • Translocation
33
Q

Step 3 of Transcription

A
  1. Termination: mRNA synthesis ends when the termination signal is reached. The RNA polymerase and the completed mRNA strand is released when release factor binds in the A site of the ribosome.
34
Q

what are the stop codons?

A
  • UGA
  • UAA
  • UAG
35
Q

What happens during Codon recognition?

A
  • Anticodon of an incomming tRNA binds with the complementary mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome.
36
Q

What happens during the Peptide bond formation step of elongation?

A
  • the growing polypeptide chain in the P site binds to the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the A site and is then transferred over to the A site.
37
Q

What happens during the Translocation stage of Elongation?

A
  • The entire ribosome translocates and shifts by one codon along the mRNA
  • the unloaded tRNA in the P site shifts over to the E site; and is then released
  • tRNA w/ polypeptide chain in A site moves to P site
  • A site is now empty; codon (mRNA) is ready to be translated and accept tRNA
38
Q

What 4 things must come togther during the Intiation stage of Translation?

A
  1. Small ribosomal unit
  2. Intiator tRNA with amino acid: Methionine= start codon
  3. mRNA
  4. Large ribosomal subunit
  • once all these things come togther then elongation can occur
39
Q

What is the start codon which codes for methionine?

A
  • AUG
40
Q
A

Physiology (15 decks)

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