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Physiology > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

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2
Q

Arteries tend to be __________ to the heart and ____________ in diameter

A
  • Closer
  • Larger
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3
Q

The farther away from the heart the smaller the _____________.

A

Arteries

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4
Q

Arterioles are ________

A

Smaller than arteries and lead to capillary beds and control blood flow via smooth muscle constriction

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5
Q

Capillary beds are __________ . Why?

A
  • Leaky
  • To allow for exchange of materials between plasma, interstitial fluid and cells
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6
Q

What are capillaries made of and why?

A
  • Capillaries consist of a single layer of epithelial cells, the endothelium tunic (tunica intima).
  • To allow for gas exchange
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7
Q

Gas exchange at the capillaries

A
  • Oxygen is diffusing from the blood in the capillaries to the tissue
  • Carbondioxide is diffusing out of tissues and into the blood
  • RBCs must move slowly to allow gas exchange to happen
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8
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels carrying blood back to the heart

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9
Q

Which are more numerous in your body veins or arteries?

A

Veins

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10
Q

Veins have _____________ than arteries.

A

lower pressure

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11
Q

Venules

A
  • Are formed when capillaries come togther
  • They are porus which allows WBCs and fluids into the tissues
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12
Q

How do veins work under low pressure since your feet do not have a heart?

A

veins use:

  1. Muscular pump
  2. Respiratory pump
  3. Sympathetic Venoconstriction
  • These adaptations helpto increase venous return (blood returning back to the heart)
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13
Q

There is a ___________ between veins and arteries

A
  • Pressure gradient
  • Arteries work under high pressure while veins work under extremely low pressure.
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14
Q

Veins work __________ with __________.

A
  • Low pressure
  • Valves
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15
Q

Which layer of the blood vessel controls the diameter of the lumen?

A

Tunica media; contains smooth muscle, controls blood pressure and blood flow.

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16
Q

Vasoconstriction

A
  • Lumen gets smaller (Tunica media contracts)
  • Blood pressure rises as vessel becomes constricted
  • Caused by more frequent APs from sympatheic Nervous system
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17
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • Lumen’s diameter becomes larger (Tunica media relaxes)
  • Blood pressure lowers as vessel dilates
  • Less frequent APs from sympatheic nervous system causes this
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18
Q

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation are both controlled by ___________.

A

Sympathetic nervous system fibers and many chemicals

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19
Q

Vericose veins

A

are caused by too much pressure comming from the upper half of the body causes veins to collapse and valves to weaken allowing blood to pool.

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20
Q

What are the layers of a blood vessel?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externia
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21
Q

Tunica intima

A

Contains:

  • Endothelium
  • subendothelial layer
  • internal elastic membrane
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22
Q

Tunica Media contains

A
  1. smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  2. external elastic membrane
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23
Q

Tunica externa contains

A
  1. Collogen fibers
  2. Vasa vasorum
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24
Q

Endothelium

A

epithelial cells that line the blood vessels

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25
Q

A capillary contains

A
  • A basement membrane
  • endothelial cells
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26
Q

What is the diameter of a capillary?

A

~8-10 micrometers (um)

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27
Q

What is the diameter of a RBC?

A

~ 6-8 um (micrometers)

7 um

28
Q

What is being exchanged in the capillary beds?

A

Oxygen and carbondioxide

Nutrients and wastes

29
Q

how thick are capillaries?

A

one cell layer thick

30
Q

Blood flow is slowest in the capillaries why?

A

To allow gas exchange between RBCs and tissues to occur

31
Q

Tissues that are metabollically active will have _______________.

A

a large amount of capillaries

32
Q

Most gase exchange takesplace using _________________.

A

diffusion

33
Q

how is blood flow controlled in capillaries?

A

by capillary sphincters

34
Q

Blood flow

A

•volume of blood flowing through a vessel or organ in a given time period (ml/min)

35
Q

Resistance

A

Opposition to flow

36
Q

Viscosity

A

thickness of a fluid

37
Q

Resistance is affected by 3 things

A
  1. Blood viscosity
  2. Length of blood vessel
  3. Blood vessel diameter
38
Q

How does blood viscosity increase resistance in blood vessels?

A

More RBCs are bumping into eachother in the blood vessel.

39
Q

what is another thing that may affect resistance in blood vessles?

A

atherosclerosis

40
Q

What control’s blood flow?

A
  • Pressure gradient
  • Resistance
41
Q

Blood flow is directly proportional to…

A

blood pressure gradient; high to low pressure

42
Q

Blood flow is inversely proportional to _____________.

A

resistance

43
Q

Blood flows down a _____________.

A

Pressure gradient

44
Q

Blood pressure is highest where? Where is it lowest?

A
  • Aorta
  • Vena Cavae
45
Q

Blood pressure

A

force exerted on the walls of the vessels -measured in mmHg

46
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

47
Q

Systolic Pressure

A
  • peak pressure generated by ventricle contracting
48
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

lowest pressure

49
Q

Pulse pressure

A

•difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

50
Q

What maintains blood pressure?

A

Requires cooperation between heart, blood vessels and kidney, while being supervised by the brain

51
Q

What are the main factors influencing BP?

A
  • Cardiac output CO= HRxSV; L/min
  • resistance
  • Blood volume
52
Q

if one variable influencing/controlling BP changes then…

A

the other variables will quickly change in order to compensate

53
Q

Who carries out short term bp regulation?

A
  • The brain and hormones
  • They alter blood vessel (low blood volume) diameter to suppy specific organs
54
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • stimulates and inhibits heart activity
  • Brain’s cardiovascular center
55
Q

Vasomotor center

A

part of brain that controls diameter of blood vessels

56
Q

Baroreceptors

A

special strech receptors in carotid arteries which “sense” BP changes.

57
Q

What is the over all goal of short term blood pressure regulation?

A

to change cardiac output and resistance

58
Q

How is blood pressure lowered back to homeostatic range?

A
  1. Stimulus: Bp rises; arterial blood pressure rises above normal range.
  2. Baroreceptors in carotid sinuses and aortic arch are stimulated
  3. Increased impulses from baroreceptors stimulate cardioinhibitory center and inhibit cardioacceletory center and inhibit vasomotor center
  4. a decrease in vasomotor impulses allows vasodilation, causing decreased resistance
  5. decrease in sympathetic impulses to heart cause decreased heart rate, decreased contractility, and decreased cardiac output
  6. decreased cardiac output and decreased resistance return BP to homeostatic range
59
Q

How is BP raised to Homeostatic range?

A
  1. stimulus: low blood pressure; arterial blood pressure falls under normal homeostatic range
  2. Baroreceptores in carotid sinuses and aortic arch are inhibited
  3. Decreased impulses from baroreceptors activate cardioacceletory center and inhibit cardioinhibitory center and stimulate vasomotor center
  4. increase in sympathetic impulses to the heart cause heart rate to go up, contractility to go up and cardiac output to go up.
  5. Vasomotor fibers stimulate vaso constriction causing resistance to go up.
  6. increased cardiac output and resistance return bp to homeostatic range
60
Q

The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid from the cardiovascular system and returns it to ___________.

A

the heart

61
Q

what is the fluid found in the lyphatic system called?

A

Lymph

62
Q

Lymphnodes contain lyphocytes, why?

A

Lymphocytes are formed in the lymph nodes.

63
Q

What is hypertension?

A
  • High blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg
64
Q

What are thetypes of hypertension?

A
  1. Primary; no one identifable cause (90%)
  2. Secondary; Due to a condition, kidney disease, endocrine disorders (10%)
65
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

fatty build-up clogs arteries, impairs blood flow, affects BP, oxygen delivery, etc.

66
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

heart becomes an ineffecient pump that weakens over time.

Physiology (15 decks)

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