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The Middle East Flashcards

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1
Q

Adolf Hitler *

A
  • Germans anxious for change (hyperinflation)
  • Played off popular resentment against Treaty of Versailles
  • Promised Germans he would restore a powerful German empire
  • Demonized Communists and Jews - blamed them for their problems, allowed Germans to rally behind hatred
  • Used a loophole in German law to take emergency powers during a fire in the Congress building - kept absolute power even after
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2
Q

Mein Kampf *

A
  • A book written by Hitler
  • Blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems
  • Plan for German conquest
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3
Q

Despotism *

A

Scales:

  • Respect: shared respect or restricted
  • Power: shared or rule without consent
  • Economic Distribution: balanced or slanted
  • Information: uncontrolled or controlled
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4
Q

Fascism *

A
  • Government holds the power
  • Value war / conquest / domination (military)
  • Control information (censorship - propaganda)
  • Economic hierarchy (uneven distribution) - controlled in the hands of few (individuals, groups, companies)
  • Social hierarchy - demonize certain groups (“the other”)
  • Intolerance of various / diverse views - have to accept unquestioning authority
  • Nationalistic
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5
Q

Holocaust

A
  • Hitler had blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems
  • Under Nazi rule, the freedoms of Jews were slowly removed
  • 1939: Nazis force Jews to live in ghettos
  • 1941: Nazis order Jews to wear yellow stars
  • Jews did not think it would get worse and things would be fine
  • Target communities: Jews, LGBTQ, communists / political opponents, Roma (gypsies), people with disabilities, religious figures (that opposed Nazis)
  • Eugenics: inherited traits determine who you are, Nazis created ideal population, sent rest to concentration camps
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6
Q

Allied Powers

A

US, Britain, France, USSR, China

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7
Q

Axis Powers

A

Germany, Japan, Italy

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8
Q

Final Solution

A

What to do with the Jews:

  • Organized imprisonment and murder of members of groups the Nazis saw as inferior
  • Had begun in earnest by 1942
  • Concentration camps established as early as 1933
  • Nazis tortured, experimented upon, starved, and killed their victims
  • Many were used as expendable slave labor
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9
Q

WWII (1939-1945)

A
  • German aggression
  • 1938 invasion of Austria
  • Munich Pact of 1938 - Hitler took more territory
  • 1939 German/Soviet Pact of non-agression
  • 1939 invasion of Poland
  • Caused Britain + France to declare war
  • 1941 Germans invade USSR, breaking pact
  • 1941 Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, US enters war

-Europe left with many displaced Jews

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10
Q

Why did the treaty of Versailles not create an everlasting peace? How did it impact the map of Europe vs European colonies vs the region of Palestine?

A

-US rejected treaty
-Treaty punished Germany - lost land and got restrictions
-Germany blamed for war by Allied Powers, Germany had to pay reparations to Allies
-

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11
Q

What were the causes of WWII?

A

ECONOMIC:
-World-wide depression, 20% US unemployed, US economy affects world economy
-German inflation, high unemployment
POLITICAL:
-Rise of fascism in Europe (economic problems, want easy solution)
SOCIAL:
-Resentment post Treaty of Versailles

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12
Q

How did the Holocaust impact the creation of the Israeli state?

A

-Jews left Germany and most of Europe to move to Jerusalem and Palestine
-Needed a place to practice and be themselves
-A secure place and a Jewish State needed for the large amounts of Jews coming in
-

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13
Q

King David Hotel

A
  • Irgun-Israeli underground violent organization-right wing, bombed the Hotel in 1946, 22nd of July
  • Zionists bombed it
  • It is the headquarters of the British Mandate
  • British withdrew from British mandate
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14
Q

Zionism *

A

-Jewish homeland

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15
Q

UN Partition Plan

A
  • Resolution 181
  • Two state solution
  • Each state has a majority of its own population
  • Jerusalem (+ Bethlehem) part of international zone
  • Jewish state = 56% (for future settlers)
  • Arab state = 43% land
  • Gave Jews more land - Western countries’ guilt and the nearly 1 million Holocaust refugees needing homes
  • Liked it: UN, Zionists (Zionists get long-held dream of a Jewish state)
  • Didn’t like it: Arabs
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16
Q

UN Resolution 194

A
  • In response to 1948 war
  • “Right of return” - refugees created by the 1948 war have the right to return home
  • Problems: Jews are already living there, there would be no more Jewish state (Jews would no longer be majority)
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17
Q

1948 War

A
  • First AI war
  • War of Independence (for Israelis) vs ‘Nakba’ / the Catastrophe (for Arabs)
  • Palestinians, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, attacked Israel
  • Planned to declare the United State of Palestine
  • Jewish settlers took UN allotted land by force
  • Israel wins - Arabs were divided, Arab state pretty new - not much military experience, Israelis fighting for survival
  • European nations supported new Israel with supplies
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18
Q

Pre-1967 borders (Green Line)

A

Original boarders of the West Bank and Gaza Strip prior to the 1967 War

  • Gaza Strip - Egypt
  • West Bank - Jordan
  • Sinai Peninsula - Egypt
  • Golan Heights - Syria
  • Borders created by 1948 War
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19
Q

How do Israeli’s and Palestinians perceive their common history differently? What kinds of disagreement do they have over events in the first half of the 20th century? *

A

-Israeli’s had the Holocaust
-Arabs didn’t believe the Holocaust was real
-Both think that they deserve land and are entitled to it
-Think the other is causing all the issues
-Israeli Independence- Israel thinks refugees are Palestinians fault and Palestinians think the refugees are Israeli’s fault
-

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20
Q

What role did Western powers have in setting up the Arab-Israeli conflict?

A

-Israel had more help/allies
-Arabs>not as much support
-Germany/Holocaust
-Britain made same promises to Arabs and Israeli’s
-Conflicting promises
-

  • Arab countries played an active role
  • 1948 War - contributed, attacked Israel to help Palestinians
  • Established refugee camps to help them but they don’t have all rights
  • Refugees want to go back to home in Israel
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21
Q

Who is responsible for the first Arab-Israeli War? The refugee crisis? *

A

-

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22
Q

Six Day War (1967)

A
  • Third AI war
  • Started by rising tensions - aggressive Arab talk + military, Israel attacks first to ensure they will win
  • Arabs: want to wipe out Israel + destroy zionists
  • Israelis: want to protect themselves + maintain country
  • Israel wins and takes land (Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula)
  • Palestinians become under rule of Israel, lose faith in willingness/dedication of other nations to help, turn to use of terrorism
  • Khartoum Resolutions: no peace, recognition, or negotiation with Israel
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23
Q

UN Resolution 242

A
  • After Six Day War
  • “Land for peace”
  • Israel willing to give back some land if they have peace
  • All states need to recognize all other states
  • Palestinians under Israeli control - they can control who goes in and out
24
Q

Golan Heights

A

1) Syria
2) Israel - Six Day War (1967)
Never been returned - Syria wants 100% of it back, Israel unwilling to give it all back (want security)

25
Q

PLO

A

-Palestine Liberation Organization
-Try to create a place just for Palestinians by using violence to get there, want all of Israel
-Founded in 1964 with purpose of the “liberation of Palestine” through armed struggle with much if its violence aimed at Israeli civilians, no peace with Israel
-Other groups: Fatah, PFLP, PPP
-

26
Q

Sinai Peninsula

A

1) Egypt
2) Israel - Six Day War (1967)
3) Egypt - Camp David I

27
Q

Yom Kippur War (1973)

A
  • Egypt wants Sinai Peninsula, Israel not being receptive, they attack Israel
  • Anwar Sedat - president of Egypt
  • Surprise attack on Yom Kippur - holiest day fo the year
  • Israel caught by surprise and nearly lost but didn’t (got aid from US)
  • Led to David Accords
28
Q

Camp David I

A
  • Signed in 1978, organized by US pres. Jimmy Carter
  • Israel gets recognition, Egypt gets Sinai Peninsula
  • “Land for peace”
  • Ended 30 years of hostility between Egypt and Israel and became the first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country
  • Israel Prime Minister - Menachem Begin
  • Enraged many Arab countries, Anwar Sedat assassinated by one of his own citizens
29
Q

Intifada I

A
  • 20 year anniversary of Israel control over West Bank
  • Boycotts, demonstrations, violent attacks on Israelis, rock throwing, shooting, explosives
  • Involved Palestinians of all walks of life in the territories
  • Affected world opinion, put pressure on Israel and Palestinians to negotiate
  • Makes it clear to everyone that the status quo can’t be continue
30
Q

Oslo Accords (+ DOP)

A
  • After Intifada 1
  • Secret talks in Oslo, Norway
  • Both sides weak - willing to negotiate
  • Israel agreed Palestinians could have self-rule in the Gaza Strip and West Bank (PA)
  • Israel withdraws from territories
  • Palestinians agreed to end violence and recognize Israel
  • Israel built more settlements, PLO continued to use terrorism - lack of trust
  • Mutual recognition
  • Rabin killed by Israeli extremist
  • New prime minister of Israel - Benjamin Netanyahu
31
Q

Yasser Arafat

A
  • Became chairman of PLO and Fatah
  • Negotiated at Oslo Accords
  • Became president of PA
  • Main leader of Palestinians for decades
  • At Camp David II
32
Q

Yitzhak Rabin

A
  • Prime minister of Israel during the Oslo Accords
  • Negotiated and signed the Declaration of Principles
  • Assassinated after Oslo Accords by an Israeli extremist for signing it / making peace with PLO
33
Q

Palestinian Authority (PA)

A

-Interim Palestinian government until there is an official state-makeshift government for now
(place holder)
-Oslo Accords
-First leader - Yasser Arafat

34
Q

Camp David II

A
  • Hosted by US pres. Bill Clinton
  • New PM of Israel Ehud Barak negotiated with Arafat
  • Barak (Israel) offers lots of West Bank, Arafat rejects offer
  • No progress for the last 20 years
  • Arafat became more popular for resisting the West
35
Q

Al-Aqsa Intifada (II)

A
  • After Camp David ||
  • Attacks on Israeli soldiers, rock throwing
  • Palestinian groups used suicide bombers as a weapon against Israelis
  • Attacks on Jewish settlements
  • Many people died on both sides
  • Israeli forces moved into Palestinian refugee camps, clamped down on terrorists, bombed Arafat’s headquarters
36
Q

Fatah

A
  • Abandoned violence
  • Recognized Israel’s right to exist
  • Controlled the PA for decades
  • Secular, political
37
Q

Roadmap to Peace

A

-Bilateral
-Similar to Oslo Accords
-Palestinians have to stop terrorism first
-Try to accomplish easier goals, deal with hard things later
-

38
Q

Gaza Disengagement

A

-Unilateral
-Israel will act first, evacuating all civilians + military forces in the Gaza Strip + part of West Bank
-Doesn’t work
-After: Pm of Israel - Ariel Sharon
-Left Palestinians in complete control of the interior of Gaza
-

39
Q

Ariel Sharon

A
  • Became Israel prime minister (Gaza Disengagement)
  • Refused to negotiate with the Palestinians until attacks on Israel stopped
  • Proposed the Israeli security wall
40
Q

Hamas

A
  • A military terrorist group
  • Do not recognize Israel
  • Intent on replacing Israel with an Islamic state
  • Religious, want Islamic religious law
  • 2006 won majority control in PA elections
  • Won because Fatah government seen as corrupt, Hamas also provided funds
  • Do not believe in democracy
41
Q

IDF

A
  • Israeli army, very strong, protects Israel

- All citizens required to serve upon high school graduation

42
Q

Israeli Settlers

A
  • Settlers-Jewish people settling in Israel

- From Germany and Europe

43
Q

Security Wall

A

-Built during Intifada II by Israel

44
Q

Settlements

A
  • Places where Israeli’s and Palestinians live
  • IN West Bank and Gaza Strip
  • Israeli’s = not supposed to be there
  • According to Israeli’s-land does not belong to the Arabs
  • According to the Arabs-land does not belong to Israeli’s
45
Q

Checkpoints

A
  • Points implemented throughout Palestine and Israel to enforce safety and security of Israeli settlements and preventing terrorism/violence + weapon smuggling
  • Israeli Police monitor these checkpoints
46
Q

Benjamin Netanyahu

A
  • Prime Minister of Israel now
  • Conservative
  • Opposed Peace Process
  • Doesn’t believe in Peace
47
Q

What role did Arab nations (ex: Syria, Egypt, Jordan, etc) play in the conflict?

A

-Helped Palestinians fight against Jews because they are Arabs too
-1948 War
-

48
Q

What are the major roadblocks to peace? Explain.

A
  • The right of return - believe that ever since 1948 War they have a right to return to home in Israel (status of refugees)
  • History / religious ties to land
  • Palestinian terrorism
  • Israel violating Pal. human rights
  • Settlements (in West Bank, East Jerusalem), Israel violating agreement
  • Final borders (what will be part of Israel)
  • Jerusalem (Israel wants 100% of it, Pal. want to share)
49
Q

How did the PLO/Israel relationship change over time? Why do you think Hamas hasn’t evolved similarly? *

A
  • At 1st-Israel saw PLO as a terrorist organization because the PLO wants to eliminate Israel
  • Then later the PLO was recognized at Oslo Accords
  • Mutual Recognition-PLO stops violence towards Israel
  • After Oslo Accords
  • PLO had to accept the Declaration of Principles and Israel saw that as a good sign that they were there
50
Q

Examine each of the maps you’ve been given. Please be able to identify the boundaries of Israel before/after each conflict. *

A

-

51
Q

One problem in solving the conflict is that Palestinians are not unified. How are Palestinians divided, and how have they been represented by various groups and individuals throughout the last century?

A
  • Division between people for Hamas and people for Fatah
  • Hamas represents the good and the good they do for people and schools while they are violent and carry out deadly attacks-conflicted
  • Fatah-bankrupcy and people wanted a change, but now they want them back
  • Benjamin Netanyahu doesn’t want peace
52
Q

How did the Six Day War affect the Palestinian population?

A
  • Lost faith in international community

- Turned to terrorism

53
Q

Result of 1948 War

A

Palestine divided into 3 parts:

1) Israel 77%
2) East Jerusalem + West Bank absorbed by Jordan
3) Gaza Strip –> Egypt

Upheaval of Palestinian population:

  • Palestinian refugees
  • Palestinian citizens of Israel
54
Q

Refugees in 1948 War*

A

-Creation of 700,000 refugees
-Palestinians say: Israel scared them
-Israelis say: Arab leaders scared population to make them fight harder, but they ran away
-Majority live in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria - not allowed to become citizens except in Jordan
-Others stayed in Israel - treated as 2nd class citizens
-

55
Q

Red lines

A
  • Camp David II
  • No responsibility for Palestinian refugees
  • Will not give up East Jerusalem
  • They won’t return to pre-1967 borders because they want to incorporate settlements
56
Q

Israel Prime Minister order

A 
Menachem Begin - Camp David I
Yitzak Rabin - Oslo Accords
Ehud Barak - Camp David II
Ariel Sharon - Intifada II
Netanyahu - Current
57
Q

Palestinian leader order

A

Arafat - Camp David I

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