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History > The Middle East > Flashcards

The Middle East Flashcards

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1
Q

Monotheism

A
  • Belief in one god

- First: Judaism

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2
Q

Polytheism

A

-Belief in more than one god

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3
Q

Judaism

A
  • Founded in 2000 BCE by Abraham + Moses in Jerusalem / Palestine
  • Sacred text: Torah
  • 10 commandments
  • Emphasis on action - following God’s law, not on belief
  • God is omnipotent - sees all
  • Messiah will come (savior)
  • Opposition: Crusades, Holocaust, anti-Semitism
  • Spread by Diaspora, passed down by family (can’t convert)
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4
Q

Jerusalem

A
  • Holy city for 3 religions
  • Fought over in Arab-Israeli Conflict
  • Palestinians want half, Israel wants whole thing
  • Romans stormed it and only left western portion of wall- holiest Jewish shrine
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5
Q

Abraham

A

-Born in the city of Ur in southern Mesopotamia and brought his family to Canaan
-Founded Judaism
-

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6
Q

Moses

A

-Led the people of Israel out of slavery in Egypt (Exodus)

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7
Q

Ten Commandments

A
  • Code of moral laws believed to have been given by God to Moses, which serve as the basis for Jewish law
  • Resembled Hammurabi’s Code: “an eye for an eye”
  • Pay restitution and emphasize God’s mercy
  • Respect God, honor your parents, do not steal, murder, etc.
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8
Q

Torah

A

-Jewish
-Old Testament
-

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9
Q

Covenant

A
  • Mutual promise between God and the founder of the Jewish people
  • God looked after the Israelites because Abraham had promised to obey him
  • In return, God has promised to protect Abraham and his descendants
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10
Q

Jewish Diaspora

A

-The dispersal of Jews driven from their homeland into exile

-

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11
Q

Christianity

A
  • Founded in 2nd half of 1st century CE by Jesus (+12 apostles) in Jerusalem
  • Sacred text: Holy Bible
  • Holy Trinity- -3 elements to God: father, son, holy spirit
  • Jesus is the Messiah - will come again
  • Emphasis on belief, not on action
  • Jesus died for people’s sins
  • Opposition: internal division: 3 groups, Romans
  • Spread by missionaries, conquest, rulers
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12
Q

Jesus Christ

A
  • Jewish man born in Bethlehem
  • Stressed the importance of people’s love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and themselves
  • Believed to be the Messiah
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13
Q

Apostles

A
  • 12 men
  • Wrote the Gospels (first 4 books of New Testament)
  • Jesus’s disciples/pupils
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14
Q

New Testament

A
  • Jesus’s teachings

- Includes the four Gospels

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15
Q

Proselytize

A
  • Attempting to convert someone’s religion

- Way that Christianity spread

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16
Q

Islam

A
  • Founded in 610 CE by Muhammed (Allah prophet) in Mecca/Medina (present day Saudi Arabia)
  • Sacred text: Koran
  • 5 pillars
  • Muhammed is the Messiah - not coming back
  • Emphasis on action - submit to God
  • Christians/Jews are “people of the book”, accepting
  • Opposition: Sectarian violence (internal conflict), Crusades
  • Spread by conquest, trade, voluntary conversion
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17
Q

5 pillars

A
  • Five duties of all Muslims
    1) Declare faith = become follower
    2) Pilgrimage to Mecca
    3) Pray 5 times a day (to Mecca)
    4) Fasting during Ramadan
    5) Giving to charity
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18
Q

Mecca

A
  • Origin of Islam
  • City in western Arabia
  • Brought religious pilgrims who came to worship at shrine (Ka’aba)
  • Arabs introduced the worship of many gods + spirits to this place
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19
Q

Muhammad

A
  • Founder of Islam
  • Was meditating in Mecca, beloved Allah spoke to him
  • Became convinced he was the last of the prophets
  • Muslims believe he is the Messiah and is not coming back
20
Q

Koran

A
  • Written by Muhammed

- Islam

21
Q

Jihad

A
  • Inner struggle against evil
  • Holy war
  • In Koran: an armed struggle against unbelievers, permits defensive war
  • Word used to encourage and justify the expansion of Islam
22
Q

How are each of the 3 religions divided into sects? (ex. Catholics vs Protestants?)

A
  • Christian: Orthodox (eastern) / Roman Catholic (western) / Protestant, broken by beliefs
  • Judaism: reformed / conservative / Orthodox - strict (divided by action + interpreting the law)
  • Islam: Shia (descendants should be leader, minority) / Sunni (whoever is best should be leader)
23
Q

Dead Sea Scrolls

A
  • Found near the Dead Sea
  • Written by the Essenes
  • Earliest known written version of the old testament (Torah)
  • Written during the time Jesus was alive - helped Christians understand the world at the time of Jesus
  • Helps to verify the present day Torah + fill in gaps
24
Q

Hammurabi’s Code

A
  • Stone engraved with important legal document
  • Described ritual - ordeal - test of innocence / guilt
  • Oldest legal written code
  • Influence of code in Bible - 10 commandments, Leviticus, Old Testament
  • Single, uniform code of laws to unify diverse groups within empire
25
Q

Anti-Semitism

A

-Prejudice/hatred against Jews

26
Q

The Dreyfus Affair

A
  • Alfred Dreyfus, (Jewish officer in French army) accused of selling military secrets to Germany
  • Court found him guilty based on false evidence and sentenced him to life in prison (had been framed)
  • Showed the strength of anti-Semitism in France + other countries, can’t escape anti-Semitism even if you hide
27
Q

Zionism

A
  • Secular (non-religious) movement, a way to resolve anti-Semitism, find homeland (1890s), took many years before State of Israel was established
  • Started in part because of the Dreyfus Affair
  • Leader: Theodore Herzl
28
Q

Theodore Herzl

A
  • Led the zionism movement
  • Believed that the Jewish population couldn’t survive if it didn’t have a nation of its own
  • After the Dreyfus Affair he wrote The Jewish State, a pamphlet that called for political recognition of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
29
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

-In decline before war - corruption of government
-At the end of WWI they were forced to give up all of their land except for modern day Turkey
-The rest of their land in the Middle East was divided between the French + British - formed mandates
-

30
Q

Absentee Landlords

A

-Added growing tension between Jews and Arabs on Palestine - sold land to European Jews regardless of the impact on the population already living there

31
Q

Palestine

A
  • Romans named it, land where Israel exists now
  • Still part of Ottoman Empire when Zionists planned to reestablish the Jewish national homeland, but not important
  • Ottomans defeated in WWI, League of Nations gave Britain a mandate to oversee Palestine until it was ready for independence
  • No political representation, always controlled by others
  • Jews in Palestine left alone to practice own religion, but 2nd class citizens
  • Nomads / tenet farmers (rent land)
  • Jews purchased land from landlords, displaced tenet farmers
  • Zionists came with help from American / European zionists
32
Q

Triple Entente

A
  • Great Britain, France, Russia (secret)

- Did not bind Britain to fight with France and Russia, but ensured that Britain would not fight against them

33
Q

Allied Powers

A
  • Serbia
  • Russia
  • France
  • Great Britain
  • US (1917)
  • Italy (changed sides)
34
Q

Central Powers

A
  • Austro-Hungary
  • Germany
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Bulgaria
35
Q

Triple Alliance

A
  • Germany
  • Austro-Hungary
  • Italy
  • (secret)
36
Q

WWI

A
  • Between Allied and Central Powers
  • Lasted from 1914-1918
  • Fought in Europe
  • War of attrition- not about strategy but how many resources each side has
  • Allies win
37
Q

Mandates

A
  • To give someone authority (economic + political)
  • French and British given authority to control / administer territory in the Middle East, authority given by the League of Nations
38
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A
  • Between Germany and the Allied powers
  • Established League of Nations
  • Punished Germany, blamed them for the war, had to pay reparations to Allies - lost land, colonies, armed forces
  • US rejected treaty - did not join League of Nations
  • Not included in League of Nations: US, Germany, Russia
  • Allies disregarded desire for independence in Africa and Asia - European colonialism disguised as mandate system
39
Q

Self Determination

A
40
Q

League of Nations

A
  • International association to keep the peace among nations after the Treaty of Versailles
  • Punished Germany - blamed Germany for the war, so Germany had to pay for reparations to the Allies
  • Not included: Germany, Russia, US
  • Mandates to France + Britain
41
Q

Why was Zionism justified in the eyes of Theodore Herzl? Give examples of anti-semitism Jews experienced throughout History (think early Jewish History, middle ages, and modern history)

A
  • Jewish people often persecuted, not treated equally before the law, can’t fill high positions in army, people would not buy things from Jews, people wanted Jews to leave, Nazis reflect old Roman laws
  • Believed that the Jewish population couldn’t survive if it didn’t have a nation of its own
  • He doesn’t think that the current feeling of anti-Semitism will change
  • Jews are minority everywhere - easy target
42
Q

Be able to explain the causes of WWI (MANIAC)

A

MILITARISM: new technology, arms race, stock piling weapons, ready for war, lots of $ into weapons
ALLIANCES: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente, Europe divided into 2 rival camps, chain reaction if one alliance attacks, global crisis instead of local
NATIONALISM: drives competition, proud of country, better than others so want to overpower other countries (rivalry caused by comp. for materials/markets, territory), some wanted independence so joined war
IMPERIALISM: quest for colonies in Africa + Asia, brink of war, competition
ASSASSINATION of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 1914)
Serbia < Austria-Hungary < Russia < Germany < France, GB
COMPETITION: Europe constantly at war to be most powerful, competed by imperialism

43
Q

How did WWI impact the map of Europe vs the map of the Middle East? (don’t memorize the maps but be able to talk about how each region was handled differently and why)

A

EUROPE - got self-determinations (freedom)
MIDDLE EAST - not given freedom
-New countries created out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (such as Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, became independent nations)
-Ottoman Empire lost almost entire empire except for (today called) Turkey, Allies carved up rest of land into mandates (instead of independent nations)
-Britain mandates: Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Kuwait
-French mandates: Lebanon, Syria
WHY:
-Europeans are white, “more civilized”, Middle East needs Europe to help control them

44
Q

Compare and contrast the mandate system and colonialism

A

COLONIALISM: one country forces themselves on another, takes time (long process), full control, seek to take independence
MANDATE: seen by some to be helpful, temporary, consent of Arabs and permission of LON, intent is to help Arabs establish independence
SIMILARITIES: benefits foreign power, make promises to benefit locals but intent is to benefit self, economic + political control

45
Q

Why was WWI unique? What made it different from all other wars?

A
  • Use of new technologies
  • Global war
  • Total war - all were participants of war
  • War of attrition
46
Q

What were the McMahon, Sykes-Picot agreement, Balfour Declaration, and how did they create a problem for the British while managing their mandate over Palestine?

A
  • McMahon letter: Britain will protect / assist / support Arabs and their independence
  • Sykes-Picot agreement: secret agreement, Britain and France to split up Ottoman Empire
  • Balfour Declaration: British will create homeland forJews in Palestine to gain support from European Jews in the war (Zionism)
  • Can’t follow through with all (contradicting promises)
47
Q

How does the outcome of WWI affect us today?

A
  • Iraq and Syra conflict rooted in results of WWI
  • The creation of Iraq - problem - pushed a whole bunch of different ethnic groups that didn’t get along into one nation
  • Tension that shapes US relationship with Middle East- 2 competing desires: Wilson’s promise and self-determination (freedom)
  • Boundaries created in Middle East are unstable, can’t be democratic (created by Sykes-Picot Agr.)
  • US wants stability - instability = domino affect, if Iraq is at war, US can’t purchase oil
  • US funds dictators to keep income of resources

History (17 decks)

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