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History > [Modern China MIDTERM] > Flashcards

[Modern China MIDTERM] Flashcards

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1
Q

Warlord period

A
  • Time of uncertainty, chaos, and the political division of China
  • Country divided among warlords
  • Ended when the Nationalist Party united China through the Northern Expedition
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2
Q

Communist Manifesto

A
  • Written by Karl Marx
  • Ideas of communism
  • Conflict between classes
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3
Q

Communist Party

A
  • Founded by Mao Zedong

- Developed own brand of Communism

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4
Q

Mao Zedong

A
  • Founder of the Chinese Communist Party
  • Believed he could bring revolution to a rural country where peasants could be the true revolutionaries
  • Improved the status of women in Chinese society
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5
Q

Sun Yatsen

A
  • Leader of Nationalist Party
  • Led the overthrow of the last Chinese emperor of Qing dynasty (Revolution of 1911)
  • Became president of the new Republic of China (1912)
  • Lacked the authority and military support to secure national unity
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6
Q

Chiang Kaishek

A

-After Sun Yixian died in 1925, headed the Kuomintang
-Son of middle-class merchant
-1929 became president of Nationalist Republic of China
-

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7
Q

Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)

A
  • Led by Sun Yixian and then Chiang (Jiang) Kaishek

- Overthrew last emperor of Qing Dynasty

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8
Q

Northern Expedition

A
  • Campaign to defeat warlords and imperialists and to unify China
  • Overthrew warlords / foreign control
  • Led by Chiang Kai-Shek
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9
Q

Republic of China

A

-New China after last emperor of Qing Dynasty was overthrown by the Revolutionary Alliance in 1911

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10
Q

Long March

A
  • Nationalists and Communists fighting bloody civil war
  • Communists escape from Nationalists through rough terrain
  • Thousands died hunger, cold, exposure, battle wounds
  • Solidified Mao’s leadership of the Communist Party
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11
Q

Rape of Nanking

A
  • Six week period of slaughter by Japanese soldiers
  • Turned public opinion against Japan
  • Slaughtering + raping of tens of thousands of civilians (shows power)
  • Broke all rules of warfare
  • Targeted women
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12
Q

Taiwan

A

-Nationalist China
-Fled here after Civil War
-

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13
Q

How did the relationship between the Nationalists and the Communists change between 1925-1949?

A
  • 1925, Chiang Kaishek became leader of Nationalist Party
  • Promised democracy + political rights to all people
  • Government became less democratic and more corrupt
  • Not improving peasants lives, they turned to Communist Party
  • Chiang + Mao’s forced fought warlords together at first
  • Then turned against Communists
  • Nationalist troops nearly wiped out Communist Party
  • 1928- Chiang became president of Nationalist Republic of China
  • Civil war until 1949
  • 1933- Long March
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14
Q

What is the difference between capitalism and communism?

A

Communism: collective ownership of property and organization of labor for the common advantage of all members (everything distributed equally)

Capitalism: private property, more successful = make more money, private businesses + owners running economy instead of government

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15
Q

How did the Nationalists improve China when they came to power? How did China remain the same?

A
  • Improved with Northern Expedition- defeated warlords

- Kept Chinese traditions

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16
Q

What was the impact of WW2 on the Chinese Civil War?Who were the Allied vs the Axis Powers?

A
  • Allied: UK, France, US, USSR, China
  • Axis: Nazi Germany, Imperialist Japan, Fascist Italy
  • Civil War stopped- united to fight the Japanese
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17
Q

Why did the Communists win the Chinese Civil War?

A
  • Communists enthusiastic about Mao’s promise to return land to the peasants
  • Well trained Red forced gained control of major cities
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18
Q

People’s Republic of China

A
  • Communist China

- Started in 1949 after civil war ended

19
Q

100 Flowers Bloom (purpose, result)

A
  • Encouraged opinions and criticisms from society, including intellectuals about the CCP
  • Freedom of speech
  • Mao eventually shut it down
20
Q

Rightists or Reactionaries

A
  • People who opposed/criticized Mao’s ideas

- Persecuted if accused of being a rightist

21
Q

Anti-Rightist Campaign

A
  • Led by Den Xiaoping
  • Right after 100 Flowers Bloom ended
  • Campaign to purge rightists
  • Targeted rightists at Mao’s “request”
22
Q

Great Leap Forward (purpose, result)

A
  • Goal: to make China the industrial equal of Western nations in 15 years, improve China’s agriculture and industry, Modernize China’s economy
  • Communes
  • Everyone began producing grain/ steel (not good steel)
  • China suffered economic disaster- industrial declines and food shortages
  • Crop failure- 3 year famine- 30 million dead
  • Mao lost influence
  • Failure- agriculture targets set too high- many false output reports
23
Q

Communes

A
  • Strictly controlled life
  • Peasants worked the land together
  • Ate in communal dining rooms and slept in communal dormitories
  • Raised children in communal nurseries
  • Owned nothing
  • No incentive to work hard when only the state profited from their labor
24
Q

Cultural Revolution (purpose, result)

A
  • Attempt to regain political and economic power by Mao (after failure of Great Leap Forward)
  • Led by Red Guards to remove from society those that wanted to restore capitalism
  • Disrupted society: no intellectual or artistic activity, colleges/schools shut down, economy halted, millions persecuted, cultural heritage destroyed
  • Everyone followed/praised Mao-little red book
  • Mao used children to accomplish his goals
  • Built up cult of personality
  • Ended in 1976 with Mao’s death
25
Q

Propaganda (examples during Cultural Revolution)

A
  • Used to sway public opinion to a certain position, often misleading
  • Used to convince people that: communism was a success, to work hard, and that Mao was a good leader
26
Q

Red Guards

A
  • Millions of high school and college students left school to form militia units
  • Led the Cultural Revolution
  • Supported Mao
27
Q

What did the Communists under Mao do to improve China after coming to power in 1949?

A

-Aimed to restore China as a powerful nation
-Claimed a new Mandate of Heaven
-Set up two parallel organizations, the Communist Party and the national government (like the Soviets), Mao headed both until 1959
-

28
Q

What overall impact did Mao have on China? (What programs helped/hurt, was he a good/poor leader)

A
  • Restrained economic growth by eliminating incentives (motivation)
  • Replaced family life with communes
  • Turned many people against communism
  • Isolation from the world with no powerful global allies (alone)
  • More gender equality
  • More people educated
  • Improved the lives of peasants
30
Q

One/Two Child Policy

A
  • Deng Xiaoping
  • Prohibited the birth of more than one child per couple
  • Counter to Chinese culture
  • Forced abortions and sterilizations
  • Intended to preserve economic growth and standard of living
  • Unintended effects: too many boys, one child responsible for caring for parents/grandparents, fewer working people-economy can produce less
30
Q

Tiananmen Square Massacre (Tank Man)

A
  • Government felt threatened by the growing movement among workers
  • 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square (public space in Beijing)
  • Protest for democracy
  • Hunger strike
  • Deng declared martial law, 100,000 surrounded Beijing
  • Most students left, 5000 remained
  • June 4, came to an end- thousands of heavily armed soldiers, tanks crushes the students’ democracy statue (by any means necessary)
31
Q

Deng Xiaoping

A
  • Became leader of China in 1980 (Communist)
  • Set goals of Four Modernization
  • Willing to use capitalist ideas to help China’s economy
  • Reforms responsible for China’s miraculous economic come back
33
Q

Why did Deng Xiaoping create the Four Modernizations?

A
  • Created to bring stability, unity, discipline, and economic progress to the PRC through the use of capitalistic ideas
  • Progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science/technology
33
Q

Hong Kong

A
  • Thriving business center and British colony
  • 1997 handed HK to China, ending 155 years of colonial rule
  • China promised to respect HK’s economic and political liberties for 50 years
  • Many HK citizens worried about Chinese rule, feared loss of freedom
  • 4-5 years after transfer, control of mainland China tightened
34
Q

Fifth Modernization

A
  • Calls for political reform and democracy spread
  • The “Democracy Wall” was created where Chinese citizens could express views by posting them on a wall anonymously (Initially supported by Deng, torn down in 1979 after harsh criticisms)
  • Student discontent grew and became more vocal
35
Q

Migrant workers

A
  • Today China has the largest migration number in the world
  • Millions left the country to go to the city
  • Country was left with only children and grandparents
  • Make way more money working in a factory than on a farm
36
Q

How was Deng more moderate than Mao? What did he do to move China towards capitalism? What did he do to keep it communist?

A
  • Four Modernizations

- Did not do any political reforms

37
Q

What kind of economic system does China have today? Why?

A
  • Socialist market economy
  • Socialist (communism) + free market economy (capitalism)
  • Not succeeding as only communist- added aspects of capitalism
38
Q

What kind of problems does China face today?

A
  • Disparity between rich and poor
  • Effects of the One-Child Policy (gender gap- 117 males : 100 females)
  • Migrant labor (117 million)- largest migration amount in the world
  • Many people left country to go to city
  • Organized religion (tight government control)
  • Human rights (people often imprisoned)
  • Still a call for political reform (democracy)
39
Q

Five Year Plan (purpose, result)

A
  • Set high production goals for industry
  • Transition China into Communist country
  • Land redistribution
  • Equality (gender, education, etc)
  • Industry grew 15% a year
  • Agriculture output grew very slowly
  • Quality of life improved
40
Q

What were the 2 types of communist farms and when were they introduced?

A

1) Cooperatives / collectives- when Mao began reshaping China (1950)
3) Communes- the Great Leap Forward (1958)

41
Q

Who was Karl Marx?

A

-Wrote the Communist Manifesto

42
Q

Cult of personality

A
  • Group that all believes the same thing
  • Can’t think differently
  • Leader has total control over population
  • People can’t question/doubt Mao
43
Q

Wha were some things that Deng Xiaoping changed with the Four Modernizations? What was the result?

A
  • Eliminated Mao’s communes + leased land to individual farmers (could sell and grow crops for profit, food production increased by 50%)
  • Permitted private businesses
  • Managers could set production goals
  • Welcomed foreign technology + investment
  • Issued student visas to study abroad
  • Opened 88 universities
  • Result: incomes increased, people could afford more things, more foreign money in China-boosts economy
44
Q

Ping pong diplomacy

A

Opened the lines of communication between the American and Chinese governments

History (17 decks)

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