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History > [Imperialized China MIDTERM] > Flashcards

[Imperialized China MIDTERM] Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the Ming?

A
  • Rulers: Hongwu, Yonglo
  • Majority ethnicity: Han
  • Agricultural reforms
  • Advanced navy and tributary system
  • 7 voyages
  • Foreign trade restricted to southern ports
  • Ruled China before the Mantu invasion
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2
Q

Who were the Qing (Ching)?

A
  • Rulers: Kangxi, Qian-long
  • Manchu superiority
  • No intermarriage
  • All men must wear a “queu”
  • Foot-binding
  • Used Ming bureaucracy, replaced top positions with Manchu
  • Emperors occupied Forbidden City
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3
Q

Who were the Manchu?

A
  • Let into Beijing by Ming
  • Seized Beijing
  • Manchus leader became China’s new emperor, became the Qing Dynasty
  • Adopted ways of Ming
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4
Q

What role did Beijing play in the Ming and Qing empires? (how did it become the capital of China)

A
  • Ming moved royal court to Beijing

- Location of Forbidden City

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5
Q

What was the Forbidden City?

A
  • City within Beijing
  • Great palace complex with high walls
  • Commoners and foreigners not allowed to enter
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6
Q

What is industrialization?

A

The development of industries for the machine production of goods

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7
Q

What is imperialism?

A

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically or socially

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8
Q

In what ways did Industrialization lead to Imperialism in China?

A
  • Higher demand for new markets and for raw materials to supply factories
  • Competitions between European nations
  • They needed more sources for raw materials
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9
Q

What is opium?

A
  • Highly addictive drug
  • Made from poppy plant
  • Chinese doctors had been using opium to relieve pain
  • British merchants smuggled opium into China for nonmedical use- several decades later, 12 million Chinese people addicted to smoking it
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10
Q

How did the trade imbalance between Great Britain and the Qing lead to the Opium War?

A
  • High demand for China’s tea in Britain but low demand for Britain’s goods in China
  • Britain in debt, tried selling silver- din’t work
  • Started selling Opium
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11
Q

What is the Opium War?

A
  • Cause: Britain refused to stop trading Opium because they had an unfavorable balance of trade
  • Clash between British and Chinese
  • Battles took place mostly at sea
  • China lost- outdated ships no match for Britain’s steam-powered gunboats
  • Signed Treaty of Nanjing- gave up Hong Kong
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12
Q

What was the Treaty of Nanjing?

A
  • British citizens can live wherever they want
  • Open 5 coastal ports to British trade
  • Limited taxes
  • Port for British citizens can keep their ships
  • British can trade with whoever they want
  • 21 million dollars to Britain
  • Pay for war damages (indemnity)
  • Gave Britain ‘most favored nation status’
  • Gave Britain Hong Kong
  • Gave Britain extraterritorial rights
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13
Q

What is ‘most favored nation status’?

A
  • China forced to give Britain most favored nation status
  • No one can one-up their relationship
  • If China gives another country privileges they also have to give them to Britain
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14
Q

What is the Taiping Rebellion? (cause and effect)

A
  • Failure of Chinese government to deal with pressing internal economic problems led to peasant revolt
  • Led by Hong- convinced that God had given him the mission of destroying the Qing/Manchu
  • Proclaimed new dynasty “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace)
  • Seized Nanjing, killing lots of people
  • 14 years
  • Qing unable to repress, called on British
  • Chinese forces + British aid recaptured Nanjing + brought down Taiping, British demand privileges
  • 20 million dead
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15
Q

What is self-strengthening?

A
  • Aimed to update China’s educational system, diplomatic service, and military
  • Wanted China to adopt Western technology but keep its Confucian values
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16
Q

What is a favorable balance of trade?

A

When a country exports (sells) more than it imports (buys)

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17
Q

What is an unequal treaty? Why is it called that?

A
  • Treaties signed with Western powers after attacks

- Not treated equals

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18
Q

How did China respond to Western Imperialism? Explain why it was or was not successful.

A

-Boxer Rebellion- failed

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19
Q

What are spheres of influence?

A
  • The first step to creating a colony
  • Establishing economic sway over a region by foreigners
  • Conflicts (wars, rebellions) gave west increasingly more economic control
  • Showed that China was weak
20
Q

Who is Empress Dowager Cixi?

A
  • In command at the Qing imperial palace
  • Committed to traditional values
  • Took control of government again to reverse reforms
  • Female ruling male dominated society
  • Both helped and harmed the Qing dynasty’s ability to maintain power
21
Q

What is the Boxer Rebellion? (cause and effect)

A
  • Poor peasants/workers resented the special privileges granted to foreigners
  • Upset about foreign takeover of Chinese land
  • Like Chinese traditions
  • Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists- the Boxers
  • Seized Beijing and killed people (Christians), but soon defeated by troops from foreign nations
  • Forced to pay indemnity to foreign nations
22
Q

What is the Open Door Policy?

A
  • US was a long-time trading partner with China- worried that other nations would divide China into formal colonies and shut out American traders
  • Proposed that China’s ports be open to merchants of all nations
  • Britain + other European countries agreed
  • Protected US trading rights in China, and China’s freedom from colonization
  • Country still at mercy of foreign powers
23
Q

What is Nationalism?

A
  • The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation (people with whom they share a culture or history) rather than to a king or empire
  • Common traits unified the Chinese against the Qing
  • New idea brought to China by Westerners
24
Q

What led to Nationalism in China?

A
  • Boxer Rebellion
  • Chinese people realized that their country must resist more foreign intervention
  • Government must become responsive to their own needs
25
Q

What are the major events of the 19th century in China in order?

A 
Opium War
Treaty of Nanking
Taiping Rebellion
Foreign influence grows
Boxer Rebellion
Fall of Qing
26
Q

How did the West imperialize China in the 19th century?

A
  • Wouldn’t stop trading opium
  • Treaty of Nanjing- gave up a lot
  • Sphere of influence- lost control
  • Open Door Policy- lost control
27
Q

What factors led the Qing dynasty to fall? (internal and external factors)

A 
INTERNAL:
-Population grew rapidly, food production barely increased- widespread hunger (opium addiction still rose)
-Taiping Rebellion
-Boxer Rebellion
-Guangxu launches major reforms-fails
-Empress Dowager Cixi
-Rise of Nationalism
EXTERNAL:
-Opium War- beginning of Western influence
-Spheres of influence- Western control
-Treaty of Nanjing
28
Q

Why did the Chinese have little interest in trading with the West?

A

-Largely self-sufficient (healthy agricultural economy, extensive mining and manufacturing industries)
-Rice being grown in many places
-Only foreign trade port located at Guangzhou
Balance of trade at Guangzhou in China’s favor

29
Q

Why did Emperor Guangxu’s efforts at reform and modernization fail?

A
  • Reorganizing China’s educational system, strengthening economy, modernizing military, improving government
  • Qing officials saw it as threat to power
  • Dowager Empress arrested Guangxu and reversed reforms
  • Not successful
30
Q

What are extraterritorial rights?

A
  • Foreigners not subject to Chinese law (in 5 ports given to Britain by China)
  • No punishments
31
Q

Describe the trade relationship between the Ming and the foreigners.

A
  • China wanted to keep influence of outsiders to a minimum
  • Only government could conduct foreign trade, only through 3 ports (Canton, Macao, and Ningbo)
  • Merchants smuggled valuable goods to European merchants
  • Demand for Chinese goods
32
Q

What problems did the Ming experience during the final years of their rule?

A
  • Ineffective rulers
  • Corrupt officials
  • Government out of money
  • Higher taxes + bad harvests- millions of peasants starved
  • Led to rebellion
  • The Machus (people of Manchuria- northeast of the Great Wall) invaded China, Ming dynasty collapsed
33
Q

How did the Qing manage to gain the loyalty of the Chinese people?

A

-Upheld China’s Confucian beliefs and social structures
-Made country’s frontier safe
-Restored prosperity
-Kangxi: Reduced government expenses, lowered taxes
Gained support of intellectuals by offering them government positions
-Qian-long: China reached its greatest size and prosperity, he rose at dawn to work on people’s problems

34
Q

What 2 things happened that gave Britain an unfavorable balance of trade?

A
  • British became a nation of tea drinkers- demand for Chinese tea rose greatly
  • Chinese merchants began to ship Chinese cotton to compete with Indian cotton (that Britain used to pay for tea)- Chinese bought less goods
35
Q

What 3 things did the British do to help increase the trade?

A
  • Bribed officials
  • Helped Chinese with smuggling schemes to get opium to China’s interior
  • Distributed free samples of opium
36
Q

What 2 negative effects did the opium have on China?

A
  • Weakened population (10% became addicted)

- Less silver (used to pay for Opium) and more reliance on opium

37
Q

What was the effect of signing the Treaty of Nanjing?

A

Opened China to the West and marked the beginning of Western exploitation of the nation

38
Q

What kind of people did the Taiping Rebellion attract?

A
  • Hakka + others outside the mainstream of Chinese society

- People who don’t have a say

39
Q

What was the ‘Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace’?

A
  • Created by Hong, viewed himself as Jesus’s brother
  • All Chinese people would share China’s vast wealth, no one would live in poverty
  • Equality
  • Christianity
40
Q

What was the British East India Company? What was their role in starting the Opium War?

A
  • Opium grown in northern India under their sponsorship
  • Shipped to Chinese markets
  • Quickly earned lots of silver
41
Q

What event sparked the Opium War?

A

Chinese destroyed thousands of chests of opium aboard a British ship

42
Q

Whose fault was the Opium War? Could it have been avoided?

A
  • Both their faults
  • China refused to accept them as equals and didn’t listen to needs of West
  • British were asking too much from China (wanted to establish an equal/diplomatic trade relationship)
43
Q

What are the differences between the Taiping and Boxer Rebellion?

A

Taiping: problem is the Qing, adopts Christian ideas
Boxer: problem is West
Both: opposed the Qing government

44
Q

What is the Canton System?

A

Served as a means for China to control trade with the West within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou)

45
Q

What factors caused the Revolution of 1911?

A
  • Nationalism
  • Poverty
  • Western imperialism
46
Q

100 Days of Reform

A

Its short duration and limited scope reflected the Qing dynasty’s inability to change

History (17 decks)

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