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History > MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

Reincarnation

A

Rebirth

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2
Q

Enlightenment

A

Wisdom

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3
Q

What country borders China to the North?

A

Mongolia

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4
Q

What protected China from the Southwest?

A

Himalayas

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5
Q

Ideographs

A
  • Form of written language

- Characters represent ideas

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6
Q

Filial Piety

A

Respect and honor for parents

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7
Q

Nirvana

A

Freedom from selfishness and pain

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8
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

Approval of royal authority over the people

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9
Q

What did Qin Shi Huangdi improve in China?

A
  • Unified China

- Standardized language, money, roads

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10
Q

Middle Kingdom

A

The idea of “China-centralism”

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11
Q

Silk Roads

A
  • Ancient routes that transmitted goods, culture and religion
  • Ran from China to the Mediterranean Sea
  • Routes through deserts and mountains
  • Sandstorms + mountains made travel difficult
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12
Q

Analects

A

Collected sayings of Confucius

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13
Q

Siddhartha Guatama

A

Founded Buddhism

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14
Q

Confucius

A

Founded Confucianism

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15
Q

Laozi

A

Founded Taoism

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16
Q

The Four Noble Truths

A

1) Life is filled with suffering and sorrow
2) The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world
3) The way to end all suffering is to end all desires
4) The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path (Middle Way between desires and self-denial)

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17
Q

What were 3 geographic features that isolated China?

A
  • Himalayas
  • Gobi Desert
  • Plateau of Tibet
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18
Q

What were the 5 fundamental relationships of Confucius?

A
  • Ruler to subject
  • Husband to wife
  • Older brother to younger brother
  • Friend to friend
  • Father to son
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19
Q

Why did the Qin dynasty end?

A

—Qin Shi Huangdi ____

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20
Q

Where was the majority of China’s arable land?

A

East (North China Plain)

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21
Q

In what region do most people in China live?

A

-Eastern

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22
Q

Why did Confucianism begin?

A

Confucius thought a return to old values would create peace and harmony in society

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23
Q

Taoism

A

-

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24
Q

Confucianism

A

-

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25
Q

Buddhism

A

-

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26
Q

Which philosophy: “What goes around, comes around”

A

Buddhism

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27
Q

Which philosophy: “Water gives life to ten thousand things and does not thrive”

A

Buddhism

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28
Q

Indemnity

A

China’s payment to Britain as a consequence of the Opium War

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29
Q

Ming

A

Ruled China before the Mantu invasion

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30
Q

Imperialism

A

Social, economic, and political control of one country by another

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31
Q

Manchu

A
  • Forced the country to adopt customs like wearing a queue

- Filled top government positions

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32
Q

Sphere of Influence

A
  • The first step to creating a colony

- Establishing economic sway over a region by foreigners

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33
Q

Taiping Rebellion*

34
Q

Extraterritorial Rights*

A

-Prevented China from punishing foreign criminals

-

35
Q

Nationalism

A
  • Common traits unified the Chinese against the Qing

- New idea brought to China by Westerners

36
Q

Empress Dowager

A

Committed to traditional values and undermined reform efforts

37
Q

What was the order of events for the Qing?

A

1) Treaty of Nanking
2) Taiping Rebellion
3) Boxer Rebellion
4) Fall of Qing

38
Q

Favorable balance of trade

A

When a country exports (sells) more than it imports (buys)

39
Q

Why did Britain defeat China in the Opium War?

A

British weapons and boats were superior

40
Q

What factors caused the Revolution of 1911?

A
  • Nationalism
  • Poverty
  • Western imperialism
41
Q

Opium War*

A

-Took place mostly at sea
-Took place because of Britains unfavorable balance of trade
-Ended by the Treaty of Nanking
-

42
Q

Why is the Dowager Empress a controversial figure in Chinese history?

A
  • Female ruling male dominated society

- Both helped and harmed the Qing dynasty’s ability to maintain power

43
Q

Self-Strengthening Movement

A

Called for keeping Confucianism but also adopting western science and technology

44
Q

Why was Empress Dowager Cixi held largely responsible for the collapse of the Qing?

A

She prevented reforms from taking place

45
Q

Why did industrialization help cause imperialism in China?

A
  • European countries needed new markets to sell their goods
  • They needed more sources for raw materials
  • They were economically in competition with one another
46
Q

Why is the Treaty of Nanking an example of an unequal treaty?

A

China gave many benefits to Britain and got nothing in return

47
Q

100 Days of Reform*

48
Q

What did the Qing dynasty believe?

A

Chinese superiority as the “Middle Kingdom”

49
Q

How were the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions similar?

A

Both opposed the Qing government

50
Q

Northern Expedition*

A
  • Campaign to defeat warlords and imperialists and to unify China
  • Led by Chiang Kai-Shek
51
Q

Long March

A
  • Communist escape from Nationalists through rough terrain

- Solidified Mao’s leadership of the Communist Party

52
Q

Kuomintang

A
  • Nationalists

- Escaped to Taiwan at the end of the Chinese civil war

53
Q

Cultural Revolution*

A
  • Attempt to regain power by Mao

- Mao used children to accomplish his goals

54
Q

Rape of Nanking

A

Six week period of slaughter by Japanese soldiers

55
Q

Karl Marx

A

Wrote the Communist Manifesto detailing ideas of communism

56
Q

Propaganda

A
  • Used to sway public opinion to a certain position, often misleading
  • Used to convince people that: communism was a success, to work hard, and that Mao was a good leader
57
Q

Warlord period

A

Time of uncertainty, chaos, and the political division of China

58
Q

Sun Yatsen*

A

-Father of the Chinese Republic
-Wrote Three Principles of the People
-

59
Q

Mao Zedong*

A

-Improved the status of women in Chinese society

-

60
Q

Capitalism

A

Private property, more successful = make more money, private businesses + owners running economy instead of government

61
Q

Communism

A

Collective ownership of property and organization of labor for the common advantage of all members (everything distributed equally)

62
Q

Which leader:

“I am a moderate communist who believes in economic, but not political, reform.”

A

Deng Xiaoping

63
Q

Which leader:
“China should not remain dedicated only to communist economic policies. What’s most important is the improvement of the Chinese society.”

A

Deng Xiaoping

64
Q

Which leader:

“There is a serious tendency toward capitalism among the well-to-do peasants. This is a grave problem.”

A

Mao Zedong

65
Q

Which leader:
“I believe that my revolutionary ideas are ‘a development and a continuation of the ancient Chinese doctrines of Confucius.”

A

Sun Yatsen

66
Q

Which leader:
“Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting progress in the arts and sciences and a flourishing socialist culture in our land.”

A

Mao Zedong

67
Q

100 Flowers Bloom

A
  • Encouraged constructive criticism of the communist Party
  • Mao’s idea
  • Overturned when people started to criticize Mao
68
Q

What was the goal of the Great Leap Forward?

A
  • Improve China’s agriculture and industry
  • Catch up to rival the West
  • Modernize China’s economy
69
Q

Four Modernizations

A
  • Eliminated Mao’s communes + leased land to individual farmers (could sell and grow crops for profit)
  • Permitted private businesses
  • Managers could set production goals
  • Welcomed foreign technology + investment
  • Issued student visas to study abroad
  • Opened 88 universities
70
Q

Anti-rightists

A
  • After 100 Flowers bloom

- Targeted rightists at Mao’s “request”

71
Q

Communes

A
  • Strictly controlled life
  • Peasants worked the land together
  • Communal
  • Owned nothing
  • No incentive to work hard when only the state profited from their labor
72
Q

Fifth Modernization

A
  • Calls for political reform and democracy spread
  • Democracy Wall- Chinese citizens could express views by posting them on wall
  • Student discontent grew and became more vocal
  • Not an official reform policy of the government
73
Q

Tiananmen Square Massacre*

A

-Government felt threatened by the growing movement among workers
-Army ordered to clear the streets by any means necessary
-Few people know of the protests and massacres (?)
-

74
Q

Ping pong diplomacy

A

Opened the lines of communication between the American and Chinese governments

75
Q

One Child Policy

A
  • Created by Deng Xiaoping
  • Prohibited the birth of more than one child per couple
  • Counter to Chinese culture
  • Forced abortions and sterilizations
  • Intended to preserve economic growth and standard of living
76
Q

Great Leap Forward*

A

-Problem: communes felt pressured to meet unrealistic goals

-

77
Q

Results of the One Child Policy

A
  • Greater pressure on children to succeed in school
  • Gender imbalance
  • Female infanticide (killing as baby)
78
Q

Pacific War

79
Q

Chiang Kai-Shek

A
  • After Sun Yixian died in 1925, headed the Kuomintang
  • Son of middle-class merchant
  • 1929 became president of Nationalist Republic of China
  • Led Northern Expedition
80
Q

Problems of modern China*

A

-Widening divide between wealthy and poor
-Civil unrest because of the lack of democratic reforms
-Aging population (more elderly people in population)
-

81
Q

Deng Xiaoping

A
  • Became leader of China in 1980 (Communist)
  • Set goals of Four Modernization
  • Willing to use capitalist ideas to help China’s economy
  • Reforms responsible for China’s miraculous come back
82
Q

Reasons and result for Four

Modernizations

A

REASON: to bring stability, unity, discipline, and economic progress to the PRC through the use of capitalistic ideas. progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science/technology
RESULT: incomes increased, food production increased, people could afford more things, more foreign money in China-boosts economy

History (17 decks)

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