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MSK SM > The Lower Limb Overview > Flashcards

The Lower Limb Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the lower limb extend from?

A

The pelvis

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2
Q

What are 3 functions of the lower limb

A

Support body weight
Locomotion
Maintain balance

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3
Q

The lower limb has how many regions

A

6

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4
Q

Name the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae

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5
Q

What do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region do

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of the thigh

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6
Q

Name the deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris

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7
Q

What is the function of the deep muscle group in the gluteal region

A

Lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers

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8
Q

What nerves connect with the deep muscle group of the gluteal region

A

nerves from the sacral plexus

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9
Q

What nerves connect with the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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10
Q

Where do nerves enter/ exit the pelvis and perineum

A

Via the greater and lesser sciatic foramenn

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11
Q

What is formed by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinour ligaments

A

?

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12
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body

A

The sciatic (L4-S3)

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13
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply

A

Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
most of the skin

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14
Q

Where is the Pudendal Nerve

A

S2-S4

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15
Q

What does the Pudendal nerve do

A

Principal nerve to perineum- S2,3,4 keeps the pelvis off the floor

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16
Q

Where is the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

A

S1-S3

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17
Q

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh do?

A

Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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18
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve usually exit

A

Inferior to piriformis

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19
Q

The sciatic nerve supplies everything in the gluteal region. True or False

A

False. It supplies nothing in this region

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20
Q

What does the sciatic nerve separate to form and where does this happen

A

The tibial nerve (medial) and the common fibular (lateral) in the distal 3rd of posterior thigh

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21
Q

Describe what happens in compartment syndrome

A

Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) which affects functions of the muscles or nerves in the compartment

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22
Q

How do we treat compartment syndrome?

A

Fasciotomy to relieve pressure in an emergency

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23
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the thigh

A

Anterior, medial and posterior compartments

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24
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the leg

A

Anterior, Posterior and Lateral

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25
Q

What are the flexors of the thigh in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Sartorius

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26
Q

What are the extensors of the leg in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

Quadriceps femoris

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27
Q

What nerve is responsible for the anterior compartment of the thigh

A 
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
(all but one is the psoas major (L1, L2, L3))
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28
Q

What are the adductors of the Thigh in the medial compartment of the thigh

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracillis 
obturator externus
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29
Q

What nerve is responsible for the medial compartment of the thigh

A 
Obtuartor nerve (L2, L3, L4)
The hamstring part of adductor magnus - tibial nerve
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30
Q

What are the extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg in the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

Semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris

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31
Q

What nerve is responsible for the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

Tibial division of the sciatic nerve

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32
Q

What does the anterior compartment of the leg contain

A

dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes

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33
Q

What nerve is responsible for the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4,L5)

34
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius

35
Q

What does the lateral compartment of the leg allow

A

Evert foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle

36
Q

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

37
Q

What nerve is responsible for the lateral compartment of the leg

A

superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

38
Q

What does the superficial group of muscles in the posterior compartment o fthe leg allow

A

plantarflexors of ankle

39
Q

What nerve is responsible for the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

All tibial nerve

40
Q

What 3 muscles are in the suerficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

gastrocneumius
soleus
plantaris

41
Q

What does the deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg allow

A

Flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle

42
Q

What muscles are in the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg

A

popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior

43
Q

What nerve is responsible for the deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibial nerve (same as the superficial group)

44
Q

Superficial lymphatics follow what veins

A

saphenous

45
Q

Where do superficial lymphatics drain to

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

46
Q

Deep lymphatics follow what veins

A

deep veins

47
Q

Where do deep lymphatics drain to

A

deep ingiunal lymph nodes the external iliac lymph nodes

Leg lymphatics drain to the popliteal lymph nodes first before going up

48
Q

What is a) ball of the hip joint and b) the socket of the hip joint

A

a) head of femur

b) acetabulum of hip

49
Q

What are the ways in which the hip joint can move

A

flexion - extension
abduction -adduction
medial-lateral rotation
circumduction

50
Q

What does the thick part of the fibrouos layer of the joint capsule form

A

ligaments

51
Q

Name the 3 ligaments of the hip joint

A

iliofemoral - strongest in body - anterior
pubofemoral - anterior
ischiofemoral - posterior

52
Q

What is the purpose of the ligaments

A

To strengthen the joint capsule

53
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint

A

Hinge

54
Q

What is the main movement of the knee joint

A

flexion-extension

55
Q

Where are the articulations of the knee joint

A

2x femerotibial

1x femeropatellar

56
Q

Describe the structure of a synovial joint

A

external fibrous layer

internal membranous layer

57
Q

What are the 3 types of ligaments found in the knee joint

A

extracapsular
intra-articular
menisci

58
Q

What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the knee

A

lateral collateral ligament
medial collateral ligament
patellar ligament

59
Q

Name the 2 intra-articular ligaments of the knee joint

A 
anterior cruciate (ACL)
posterior cruciate (PCL)
60
Q

Name the 2 menisci ligaments of the knee joint

A

medial menisci

lateral menisci

61
Q

What is another word for the Calcaneal Tendon

A

Achilles tendon

62
Q

How long is the Calcaneal tendon

A

15cm - longest in the body

63
Q

Where does the calcaneal tendon attach

A

the the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

64
Q

What 2 muscles does the calcaneal tendon attach to ?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

65
Q

What nerve innervates the gluteus maximum

A

inferior gluteal nerve

66
Q

Why should you not inject in the lower 2 quadrants of the gluteal region

A

Incase you hit the sciatic nerve

67
Q

Where is the best quadrant to inject

A

The superiolateral quadrant

68
Q

What is the perineum

A

Everything below the pelvic floor

69
Q

What muscle sits directly above the sciatic nerve

A

Piriformis

70
Q

What are the boundaries of the Femoral Triangle

A

Superior - inguinal ligament
medially - lateral border of adductor longus
laterally - medial border of sartorius

71
Q

What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle

A

Iliopsoas and pectineus

72
Q

What makes up the roof of the femoral triangle

A

Deep fascia (fascia lata)

73
Q

Muscles within each compartment generally have what in common

A

Similar actions

The same nerve supply

74
Q

What nerve innervates the short head biceps femoris (posterior compartment of the thigh)

A

Common fibular division of sciatic

75
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa

A

superolaterally - biceps femoris
superomedially - semimembranosus
inferiorly - gastrocnemius
roof - popliteal fascia

76
Q

What are the 4 contents of the popliteal fossa

A

lots of fat
terminal small saphenous vein
popliteal vessels
tibial and common fibular nerves

77
Q

What is the acetabulum deepened by

A

The acetabular labrum (fibrocartilage)

78
Q

What 2 arteries usually branch from the deep femoral artery

A

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries

79
Q

The artery to head of femur is a branch of what artery and how does it run

A

obturator which travels in ligament to head of femur

80
Q

What happens in an ankle jerk reflex

A

Normal result is platarflexion

81
Q

What does the ankle jerk reflex test

A

S1, S2 nerve roots

MSK SM (42 decks)

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