The Lower Limb Overview Flashcards
Where does the lower limb extend from?
The pelvis
What are 3 functions of the lower limb
Support body weight
Locomotion
Maintain balance
The lower limb has how many regions
6
Name the superficial muscles of the gluteal region
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae
What do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region do
Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of the thigh
Name the deep muscles of the gluteal region
piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris
What is the function of the deep muscle group in the gluteal region
Lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers
What nerves connect with the deep muscle group of the gluteal region
nerves from the sacral plexus
What nerves connect with the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region
Superior gluteal nerve
Where do nerves enter/ exit the pelvis and perineum
Via the greater and lesser sciatic foramenn
What is formed by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinour ligaments
?
What is the largest nerve in the body
The sciatic (L4-S3)
What does the sciatic nerve supply
Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
most of the skin
Where is the Pudendal Nerve
S2-S4
What does the Pudendal nerve do
Principal nerve to perineum- S2,3,4 keeps the pelvis off the floor
Where is the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
S1-S3
What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh do?
Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh
Where does the sciatic nerve usually exit
Inferior to piriformis
The sciatic nerve supplies everything in the gluteal region. True or False
False. It supplies nothing in this region
What does the sciatic nerve separate to form and where does this happen
The tibial nerve (medial) and the common fibular (lateral) in the distal 3rd of posterior thigh
Describe what happens in compartment syndrome
Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) which affects functions of the muscles or nerves in the compartment
How do we treat compartment syndrome?
Fasciotomy to relieve pressure in an emergency
What are the 3 compartments of the thigh
Anterior, medial and posterior compartments
What are the 3 compartments of the leg
Anterior, Posterior and Lateral
What are the flexors of the thigh in the anterior compartment of the thigh
Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
What are the extensors of the leg in the anterior compartment of the thigh
Quadriceps femoris
What nerve is responsible for the anterior compartment of the thigh
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) (all but one is the psoas major (L1, L2, L3))
What are the adductors of the Thigh in the medial compartment of the thigh
Adductor longus Adductor brevis adductor magnus gracillis obturator externus
What nerve is responsible for the medial compartment of the thigh
Obtuartor nerve (L2, L3, L4) The hamstring part of adductor magnus - tibial nerve
What are the extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg in the posterior compartment of the thigh
Semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
What nerve is responsible for the posterior compartment of the thigh
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve
What does the anterior compartment of the leg contain
dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes
What nerve is responsible for the anterior compartment of the leg
Deep fibular nerve (L4,L5)
Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius
What does the lateral compartment of the leg allow
Evert foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle
What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
What nerve is responsible for the lateral compartment of the leg
superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What does the superficial group of muscles in the posterior compartment o fthe leg allow
plantarflexors of ankle
What nerve is responsible for the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg
All tibial nerve
What 3 muscles are in the suerficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg
gastrocneumius
soleus
plantaris
What does the deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg allow
Flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle
What muscles are in the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg
popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
What nerve is responsible for the deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg
Tibial nerve (same as the superficial group)
Superficial lymphatics follow what veins
saphenous
Where do superficial lymphatics drain to
superficial inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes
Deep lymphatics follow what veins
deep veins
Where do deep lymphatics drain to
deep ingiunal lymph nodes the external iliac lymph nodes
Leg lymphatics drain to the popliteal lymph nodes first before going up
What is a) ball of the hip joint and b) the socket of the hip joint
a) head of femur
b) acetabulum of hip
What are the ways in which the hip joint can move
flexion - extension
abduction -adduction
medial-lateral rotation
circumduction
What does the thick part of the fibrouos layer of the joint capsule form
ligaments
Name the 3 ligaments of the hip joint
iliofemoral - strongest in body - anterior
pubofemoral - anterior
ischiofemoral - posterior
What is the purpose of the ligaments
To strengthen the joint capsule
What type of joint is the knee joint
Hinge
What is the main movement of the knee joint
flexion-extension
Where are the articulations of the knee joint
2x femerotibial
1x femeropatellar
Describe the structure of a synovial joint
external fibrous layer
internal membranous layer
What are the 3 types of ligaments found in the knee joint
extracapsular
intra-articular
menisci
What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the knee
lateral collateral ligament
medial collateral ligament
patellar ligament
Name the 2 intra-articular ligaments of the knee joint
anterior cruciate (ACL) posterior cruciate (PCL)
Name the 2 menisci ligaments of the knee joint
medial menisci
lateral menisci
What is another word for the Calcaneal Tendon
Achilles tendon
How long is the Calcaneal tendon
15cm - longest in the body
Where does the calcaneal tendon attach
the the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus
What 2 muscles does the calcaneal tendon attach to ?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
What nerve innervates the gluteus maximum
inferior gluteal nerve
Why should you not inject in the lower 2 quadrants of the gluteal region
Incase you hit the sciatic nerve
Where is the best quadrant to inject
The superiolateral quadrant
What is the perineum
Everything below the pelvic floor
What muscle sits directly above the sciatic nerve
Piriformis
What are the boundaries of the Femoral Triangle
Superior - inguinal ligament
medially - lateral border of adductor longus
laterally - medial border of sartorius
What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle
Iliopsoas and pectineus
What makes up the roof of the femoral triangle
Deep fascia (fascia lata)
Muscles within each compartment generally have what in common
Similar actions
The same nerve supply
What nerve innervates the short head biceps femoris (posterior compartment of the thigh)
Common fibular division of sciatic
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa
superolaterally - biceps femoris
superomedially - semimembranosus
inferiorly - gastrocnemius
roof - popliteal fascia
What are the 4 contents of the popliteal fossa
lots of fat
terminal small saphenous vein
popliteal vessels
tibial and common fibular nerves
What is the acetabulum deepened by
The acetabular labrum (fibrocartilage)
What 2 arteries usually branch from the deep femoral artery
Medial and lateral circumflex arteries
The artery to head of femur is a branch of what artery and how does it run
obturator which travels in ligament to head of femur
What happens in an ankle jerk reflex
Normal result is platarflexion
What does the ankle jerk reflex test
S1, S2 nerve roots