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MSK SM > Histology of Muscle, Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Histology of Muscle, Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 main features of skeletal muscles

A

Straited
Unbranched
Multinucleate

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2
Q

What are the periphery of skeletal muscle fibres

A

Nuclei (just under cell membrane)

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3
Q

What is another name for the cell membrane that encloses each muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle fibres are grouped into bundles called what?

A

fascicles

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5
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole called?

A

Epimysium

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6
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue around a single fascicle called

A

Perimysium

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7
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue around a single muscle fibre called?

A

Endomysium

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8
Q

Describe the diameter of skeletal muscle fibres

A

Consistent and very little variation

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9
Q

What aer the unit of contraction of muscle cells

A

Sarcomeres

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10
Q

Sarcomeres are placed end to end to form what in a typical muscle cell

A

Myofirbril

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11
Q

What type of filaments are anchored at the z disc?

A

Actin filaments

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12
Q

Why do skeletal muscles appear striated?

A

The sarcomeres in the myofibrils with their alternating dark and light bands are held in registry with one another across the fibre. I.e. the Z disks in the sarcomere of one myofibril will be aligned with the Z disks of the sarcomeres in the surrounding myofibrils.

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13
Q

Why do skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles look different even though they are both striated

A

The accuracy in cardiac muscles is not as good as it is in skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What does a motor unit consist of

A

1 motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates

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15
Q

Describe the control of movement based on the number of muscle fibres in a motor unit

A

The fewer the number of muscle fibres in a motor unit, the fibre the control of movement

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16
Q

What does the axon of the motor neurone do as it nears its termination

A

It branches

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17
Q

What does each axon branch end in ?

A

A special type of synapse called the neuromuscular junction

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18
Q

How often is a muscle fibre touched?

A

Only once, regardless of its size

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19
Q

How many types of skeletal muscle are there?

What is the difference between these

A

3

Based on differences in the biochemistry, morphology and physiology of the fibres

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20
Q

Describe Type 1 skeletal muscle

A

relatively slowly contracting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism.
Abundant mitochondria and are resisitant to fatigue
Red fibres
Great force but slow contracting
High conc. of myoglobin

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21
Q

Describe type IIa skeletal muscle

A

Intermediate between type I and TypeIIB
Relatively fast congtracting but are also reasonably resistant to fatigue
Uncommon fibres

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22
Q

Describe type IIb skeletal muscle

A 
Fast contracting fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism 
Few mitochondria
Fatigue relatively easily 
Produce great force 
Called white fibres 
Low myoglobin
23
Q

What stain can be used to determine the different types of skeletal muscle

A

Succinate dehydrogenase stain

24
Q

List some of the features of cartilage

A

Semi-rigid and deformable
Permeable
Avascular
Cells nourished by diffusion through the extracellular matrix

25
Q

List some features of bone

A

Rigid
Not permeable
Cells within the bone must be nourished by the blood vessels that pervade the tissue

26
Q

What are cells gound in cartilage called

A

Chondrocytes (chondroblasts when immature)

27
Q

Where do chondrocytes live

A

Within a space in the extracellular matrix termed a lacuna

28
Q

What do chondrocytes do?

A

they are active cells which not only secrete but also maintain the extracellular matrix around them

29
Q

What is the most common form of cartilage

A

Extracellular Matrix in Cartilage (hyaline)

30
Q

What is ECM made from

A

75% water and 25% organic material

31
Q

What type of collagen is found in most connective tissues?

A

Type 1

32
Q

What does Type II collagen form

A

A 3-meshwork

33
Q

Describe the colour of Hyaline cartilage

A

Blue-white in colour and translucent

34
Q

Descibe the colour of Elastic cartilage

A

Light yellow in colour

35
Q

What makes elastic cartilage flexible

A

The addition of elastic fibres

36
Q

Describe the colour of fibrocartilage

A

Appears White

37
Q

What type of cartialge contains bands of densely packed type 1 collagen interleaved with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by small amounts of cartilaggenous ECM?

A

Fibrocartilage

38
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A 
Articular surfaces 
Tracheal rings 
Costal cartilage 
Epiphyseal growth plates 
Precursor in fetus to many bones
39
Q

What are 5 functions of bone

A 
Support 
Levers for effective movement 
Protection of internal organs 
Calcium sotre (more than 95%)
Haemopoiesis (blood cell production)
40
Q

What is the main composition of one

A

Mineral (calcium hydroxyapatite crystals)

41
Q

What makes up the shaft (diaphysis) of long bones

A

An outer shell of dense cortical bone

42
Q

What occupies the ends of the bone (epiphyses)

A

Cancellous or trabecular bone

43
Q

What is the main difference between bone cells and the matrix

A

The presence of spaces adjacent to trabecular bone (marrow cavities)

44
Q

What is the name given to living cells in bone

A

Osteocytes

45
Q

What is the term given to the lines that are often visible surrounding the osteon

A

Cement lines

46
Q

What is the purpose of osteoprogenitor cells and where are they located?

A

Serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts located on bone surfaces - e.g. under the periosteum

47
Q

What are osteoblasts and where are they located

A

Bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone

48
Q

What are osteocytes

A

A bone cell trapped within the bone matrix

49
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Large, multinucleated cells

They are found on the surface of bone and are responsible for bone resorption

50
Q

Where are osteoclasts believed to be derived from?

A

THe macrophage lineage of cells

51
Q

What 4 things doe osteoblases secrete which are all colectively termed osteoid

A

Collagen
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycans
Other organic components of the matrix

52
Q

Why does the bone that is laid down during devlopment of following a break differ from normal lamella bone

A

Because rather than having collagen fibres orientated all in one direction, the collagen fibres are laid down in a haphazard fashion. This is called woven bone

53
Q

What is the main difference between woven and lamellar bone

A

Woven is not as strong as lamellar bone

54
Q

What happens to woven bone over time

A

It is broken down by osteoclasts and reformed by new osteoblasts

MSK SM (42 decks)

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