The Learning Process Flashcards
When your student is able to combine individual steps in performance with likely outcomes, what stage of skill acquisition has been reached?
The Associate stage
What is the dominant force which governs the student’s progress and ability to learn?
Motivation
When a student is asked to explain how gross weight affects maneuvering speed, what level of learning is being tested?
Understanding
Probably the greatest single barrier to effective communication in the teaching process is a lack of what?
Common experience level between the instructor and student.
What is it called when learning a particular maneuver or skill hinders the learning of another maneuver or skill?
Negative transfer of learning
What is the taxonomy for the Psychomotor domain?
- Perception
- Set
- Guided Response
- Mechanism
- Complex Overt Response
- Adaptation
- Origination
What instruction technique ensures proper habits and correct techniques?
The building block technique
Which type of practice is necessary for a student to learn to perform a skill on the automatic level?
Deliberate Practice
What are the Types of Practice
Deliberate
Blocked
Random
(DBR)
What are the Learning Process types?
- Verbal
- Conceptual
- Problem Solving
- Motor
- Emotional
What is it called when the learning of similar things overshadows other learning experiences?
Interference
What is Information Processing Theory?
A theory of learning that models what happens in a computer system: input processing, storage and retrieval.
What is the Principal of Effect?
Learning is strengthened by a pleasant or satisfying feeling.
What is the taxonomy for the Cognitive learning domain?
- Knowledge
- Comprehension
- Application
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- Evaluation
What factor contributes most to a student’s failure to remain receptive to new experiences and which creates a tendency to reject additional training?
Negative self concept
What is behaviorism?
Learning is the result of stimulus and response.
What is the best way to prepare a student to perform a task?
Provide a step by step example (i.e. a demonstration)
What is the definition of Learning?
A change in behavior as a result of experience.
Which domain of learning deals with attitudes, beliefs and values?
The Affective domain
How do you make use of the Principal of Exercise?
Provide opportunities for the student to practice and direct process towards a goal.
Which perception factors does a flight instructor have the most control over?
- Time and opportunity
- Element of threat
Which principle of learning implies that a student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute?
Principle of Intensity
A basic need that affects all of a person’s perceptions is the need to…
… maintain and enhance the organized self.
The use of some type of association, such as rhymes or mnemonics is best suited to which memory system?
Short term memory
What is the basis of all learning?
Perception
When a student is asked to name the levels of learning, what level of learning is being tested?
Rote
Which principle of learning often determines the relative positions of lectures within a course of training?
Principle of Recency
What are the factors that affect an individual’s ability to perceive?
Physical organism
Goals and values
Self-concept
Time and opportunity
Element of threat
(G-STEP)
What is HOTS? Give an example.
Higher Order Thinking Skills are the analysis, synthesis and evaluation skills that are critical to judgement, decision-making and critical thinking.
Aeronautical Decision Making is HOTS.
What are the key characteristics of Learning?
Learning is:
- Purposeful
- Experietial
- Multi-faceted
- Active Process
(PEMA)
To be more likely to communicate effectively, an instructor should speak or write from a background of…
up to date and stimulating material.
The Principle of Learning that is based on the emotional reaction of the learner is the principle of…
Effect
What is the Principal of Primacy?
What is first learned often creates the strongest impression.
What is the Principal of Intensity?
A vivid or dramatic experience teaches better. Learning from the real thing than a substitute
What is social learning?
Learning by observing others.
The most complex outcome in the affective domain is what? What does it mean?
Characterization. Making the value part of your character.
What are the domains of learning?
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Psychomotor
(CAP)
What are the different theories of Learning?
(BICC)
- Behaviorism
- Informational Processing Theory
- Cognitive Theory
- Constructivism
Which domain of learning deals with knowledge?
The Cognitive domain
Perceptions result when…
…a person gives meaning to sensations being experienced.
What is cognitive theory?
Cognativism focuses on what is going on inside the learner’s mind. Learning is more than the result of stimulus and response. Learning changes the way the learner thinks, understands or feels.
Flying an approach procedure is considered to be an example of which domain of learning?
Psychomotor domain
How can an instructor foster the development of insights?
- By helping the student acquire and maintain a favorable self-concept.
- By providing a secure and non-threatening environment in which to learn.
What is SBT?
Scenario-based training is an example of Problem-based learning that is key to developing Higher-order Thinking Skills.
What is the best way to provide positive motivation to a student?
- Praise incremental progress
- Relate daily accomplishments to objectives
- Favorable comments on progress and level ability
How does an instructor know that effective communication has taken place?
When the receivers react with understanding and change their behavior accordingly.
What is it called when a person has difficulty recalling facts after several years?
Fading
What is the Principal of Readiness? Give an example.
Individuals learn best when they are ready to learn. Individuals make more progress of the have a clear objective. Example: deer on the runway provides teaching opportunity for go-around readiness.
What are the types of Errors?
Slips - Plans to do one thing but inadvertently does something else, or forgets to do something (lapse). Example: Forgetting to lower the landing gear.
Mistakes - Errors as a result of poor knowledge or understanding. Example: Raising the landing gear with low endegy close to the ground and settling.
What are three elements of effective communication?
- Source
- Receiver
- Symbols being used
Also Channel.
What are things that stimulate remembering?
- Praise
- Association
- Favorable attitudes
- Learning with all our senses
- Meaningful repetition
- 3 or 4 repetitions
Which memory system processes input from the environment?
Sensory register
What is it called when, while learning the subject at hand, students may be learning other things as well?
Incidental Learning
Providing opportunities for a student to practice and then directing this process towards a goal is the basis of the principle of…
Exercise
What is recoding?
The relating of incoming information to concepts or knowledge already in memory.
The danger in using abstract words is that they…
will not invoke the specific items of experience in the listener’s mind the communicator intends.
During which stage of skill acquisition will the student be performing a maneuver smoothly and rapidly?
Automatic response
What are the levels of learning?
- Rote
- Understanding
- Application
- Correlation
(RUAC)
The least complex outcome in the psychomotor domain is what?
Perception
At what level of understanding do most instructors stop teaching?
Application
During the flight portion of a practical test, the examiner simulates a complete loss of engine power by closing the throttle and announcing “simulated engine failure”. What level of learning is being tested?
Correlation
The effectiveness of communication between instructor and student is measured by what?
The similarity between the idea being transmitted and the idea received.
Ground instruction and classroom lectures are considered to be examples of which domain of learning?
Cognitive domain
What are the types of memory used in learning?
- Sensory register
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
Which principle of learning often creates a strong, almost unshakable impression?
Principle of Primacy
One way to guide your student through a learning plateau is to…
…move to a different part of the training curriculum
When might negative motivation be warranted?
When a student is overconfident and impulsive.
What is the lowest level in the taxonomy for the Psychomotor domain?
Perception
Performing rectangular pattern maneuvers helps a student fly traffic patterns. What type of learning transfer is this?
Positive transfer of learning.
What is the hazard of overlearning?
The knowledge may stop developing and get replaced with behavior more like an automated skill.
What are insights?
The mental grouping of affiliated perceptions into meaningful wholes.
What is Principal of Recency?
Things most recently learned are best remembered.
In the cognitive domain, what two levels follow knowledge?
Comprehension and Application
What is the taxonomy for the Affective learning domain?
- Receiving
- Responding
- Valuing
- Organizing
- Characterization
What is the Principal of Exercise?
Things most often repeated are best remembered.
Why should a flight instructor avoid the use of distractions during deliberate practice?
Students achieve better results when not interrupted by instructor-induced distractions.
What are Thorndike’s Law’s of Learning?
Readiness
Effect
Excercise
Primacy
Instensity
Recency
(REEPIR)
What is Constructivism?
Learners do not acquire knowledge and skills passively but actively build or construct them based on their experiences.
Things most often repeated are best remembered because of which principle of learning?
Principle of Exercise
In the learning process, fear or the element of threat will…
… narrow the student’s perceptual field
A student pilot’s attitude regarding safety is considered to be an example of which domain of learning?
Affective domain
What makes a good scenario?
A good scenario:
Has clear objectives
Is tailored to the needs of the learner
Capitalizes on the nuances of the environment
How do you identify fixation or inattention problems?
Look at where the learner is looking.
What are some of the challenges of managing multiple tasks?
Distractions and Interruptions
Fixation and Inattention
What are some strategies for reducing errors?
Checking for Errors - Checklists
Taking time
Raising awareness
Developing routines
Learning and Practicing
Using Reminders
What are the various types of short-term memory
Acoustic
Iconic
Working
How long is information held in short-term memory?
30 seconds
What is recoding?
The short-term memory process that relates incoming information to concepts or knowledge already in memory.
What affects the ability to successfully retrieve memories?
Frequency and Recency
Frequently AND recently is best retrieved. Frequently OR recently is more vulnerable to being forgotten.
What are the different ways we forget?
Retrieval Falure,
Fading
Interference
Repression or Suppression
What are some things an instructor should do to help learner’s remember?
Discuss differences between STM and LTM
Explain how usage frequency and recency affect remembering
Explain depth of understanding affect on remembering
Encourage use of mnemonic devices while studying
Explain the benefits of studying at regular intervals over cramming
When asking a student to explain how gross weight affects maneuvering speed, what level of learning is being tested?
Understanding
What is the result when students are unable to see the benefits or purpose of a lesson?
They may be less motivated.
When your student is able to perform without much thought, what stage of skill acquisition has been reached?
Automated Response
What is hindsight bias?
The natural tendancy to resist learning from errors by overestimating one’s ability to recognize and prevent them.
What are the phases of skill development?
Cognitive Stage
Associative Stage
Automatic Response Stage
What are traits of Right Brain learners?
Creative and emotional
Prefers open-ended questions
Prefer to learn top-down, concepts before facts (holistically)
More likely to recall people’s faces
What are some traits of Left-brain learners?
Analytical and objective
Prefer to learn bottom-up, facts building up to concepts (Serialistic)
Prefers writing
More likely to remember people’s names
