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Flight Instructor > The Learning Process > Flashcards

The Learning Process Flashcards

1
Q

When your student is able to combine individual steps in performance with likely outcomes, what stage of skill acquisition has been reached?

A

The Associate stage

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2
Q

What is the dominant force which governs the student’s progress and ability to learn?

A

Motivation

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3
Q

When a student is asked to explain how gross weight affects maneuvering speed, what level of learning is being tested?

A

Understanding

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4
Q

Probably the greatest single barrier to effective communication in the teaching process is a lack of what?

A

Common experience level between the instructor and student.

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5
Q

What is it called when learning a particular maneuver or skill hinders the learning of another maneuver or skill?

A

Negative transfer of learning

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6
Q

What is the taxonomy for the Psychomotor domain?

A
  1. Perception
  2. Set
  3. Guided Response
  4. Mechanism
  5. Complex Overt Response
  6. Adaptation
  7. Origination
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7
Q

What instruction technique ensures proper habits and correct techniques?

A

The building block technique

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8
Q

Which type of practice is necessary for a student to learn to perform a skill on the automatic level?

A

Deliberate Practice

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9
Q

What are the Types of Practice

A

Deliberate

Blocked

Random

(DBR)

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10
Q

What are the Learning Process types?

A
  1. Verbal
  2. Conceptual
  3. Problem Solving
  4. Motor
  5. Emotional
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11
Q

What is it called when the learning of similar things overshadows other learning experiences?

A

Interference

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12
Q

What is Information Processing Theory?

A

A theory of learning that models what happens in a computer system: input processing, storage and retrieval.

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13
Q

What is the Principal of Effect?

A

Learning is strengthened by a pleasant or satisfying feeling.

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14
Q

What is the taxonomy for the Cognitive learning domain?

A
  1. Knowledge
  2. Comprehension
  3. Application
  4. Analysis
  5. Synthesis
  6. Evaluation
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15
Q

What factor contributes most to a student’s failure to remain receptive to new experiences and which creates a tendency to reject additional training?

A

Negative self concept

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16
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Learning is the result of stimulus and response.

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17
Q

What is the best way to prepare a student to perform a task?

A

Provide a step by step example (i.e. a demonstration)

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18
Q

What is the definition of Learning?

A

A change in behavior as a result of experience.

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19
Q

Which domain of learning deals with attitudes, beliefs and values?

A

The Affective domain

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20
Q

How do you make use of the Principal of Exercise?

A

Provide opportunities for the student to practice and direct process towards a goal.

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21
Q

Which perception factors does a flight instructor have the most control over?

A
  1. Time and opportunity
  2. Element of threat
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22
Q

Which principle of learning implies that a student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute?

A

Principle of Intensity

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23
Q

A basic need that affects all of a person’s perceptions is the need to…

A

… maintain and enhance the organized self.

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24
Q

The use of some type of association, such as rhymes or mnemonics is best suited to which memory system?

A

Short term memory

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25
Q

What is the basis of all learning?

A

Perception

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26
Q

When a student is asked to name the levels of learning, what level of learning is being tested?

A

Rote

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27
Q

Which principle of learning often determines the relative positions of lectures within a course of training?

A

Principle of Recency

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28
Q

What are the factors that affect an individual’s ability to perceive?

A

Physical organism

Goals and values

Self-concept

Time and opportunity

Element of threat

(G-STEP)

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29
Q

What is HOTS? Give an example.

A

Higher Order Thinking Skills are the analysis, synthesis and evaluation skills that are critical to judgement, decision-making and critical thinking.

Aeronautical Decision Making is HOTS.

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30
Q

What are the key characteristics of Learning?

A

Learning is:

  1. Purposeful
  2. Experietial
  3. Multi-faceted
  4. Active Process

(PEMA)

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31
Q

To be more likely to communicate effectively, an instructor should speak or write from a background of…

A

up to date and stimulating material.

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32
Q

The Principle of Learning that is based on the emotional reaction of the learner is the principle of…

A

Effect

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33
Q

What is the Principal of Primacy?

A

What is first learned often creates the strongest impression.

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34
Q

What is the Principal of Intensity?

A

A vivid or dramatic experience teaches better. Learning from the real thing than a substitute

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35
Q

What is social learning?

A

Learning by observing others.

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36
Q

The most complex outcome in the affective domain is what? What does it mean?

A

Characterization. Making the value part of your character.

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37
Q

What are the domains of learning?

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Affective
  3. Psychomotor

(CAP)

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38
Q

What are the different theories of Learning?

A

(BICC)

  • Behaviorism
  • Informational Processing Theory
  • Cognitive Theory
  • Constructivism
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39
Q

Which domain of learning deals with knowledge?

A

The Cognitive domain

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40
Q

Perceptions result when…

A

…a person gives meaning to sensations being experienced.

41
Q

What is cognitive theory?

A

Cognativism focuses on what is going on inside the learner’s mind. Learning is more than the result of stimulus and response. Learning changes the way the learner thinks, understands or feels.

42
Q

Flying an approach procedure is considered to be an example of which domain of learning?

A

Psychomotor domain

43
Q

How can an instructor foster the development of insights?

A
  1. By helping the student acquire and maintain a favorable self-concept.
  2. By providing a secure and non-threatening environment in which to learn.
44
Q

What is SBT?

A

Scenario-based training is an example of Problem-based learning that is key to developing Higher-order Thinking Skills.

45
Q

What is the best way to provide positive motivation to a student?

A
  • Praise incremental progress
  • Relate daily accomplishments to objectives
  • Favorable comments on progress and level ability
46
Q

How does an instructor know that effective communication has taken place?

A

When the receivers react with understanding and change their behavior accordingly.

47
Q

What is it called when a person has difficulty recalling facts after several years?

A

Fading

48
Q

What is the Principal of Readiness? Give an example.

A

Individuals learn best when they are ready to learn. Individuals make more progress of the have a clear objective. Example: deer on the runway provides teaching opportunity for go-around readiness.

49
Q

What are the types of Errors?

A

Slips - Plans to do one thing but inadvertently does something else, or forgets to do something (lapse). Example: Forgetting to lower the landing gear.

Mistakes - Errors as a result of poor knowledge or understanding. Example: Raising the landing gear with low endegy close to the ground and settling.

50
Q

What are three elements of effective communication?

A
  1. Source
  2. Receiver
  3. Symbols being used

Also Channel.

51
Q

What are things that stimulate remembering?

A
  1. Praise
  2. Association
  3. Favorable attitudes
  4. Learning with all our senses
  5. Meaningful repetition
  6. 3 or 4 repetitions
52
Q

Which memory system processes input from the environment?

A

Sensory register

53
Q

What is it called when, while learning the subject at hand, students may be learning other things as well?

A

Incidental Learning

54
Q

Providing opportunities for a student to practice and then directing this process towards a goal is the basis of the principle of…

A

Exercise

55
Q

What is recoding?

A

The relating of incoming information to concepts or knowledge already in memory.

56
Q

The danger in using abstract words is that they…

A

will not invoke the specific items of experience in the listener’s mind the communicator intends.

57
Q

During which stage of skill acquisition will the student be performing a maneuver smoothly and rapidly?

A

Automatic response

58
Q

What are the levels of learning?

A
  1. Rote
  2. Understanding
  3. Application
  4. Correlation

(RUAC)

59
Q

The least complex outcome in the psychomotor domain is what?

A

Perception

60
Q

At what level of understanding do most instructors stop teaching?

A

Application

61
Q

During the flight portion of a practical test, the examiner simulates a complete loss of engine power by closing the throttle and announcing “simulated engine failure”. What level of learning is being tested?

A

Correlation

62
Q

The effectiveness of communication between instructor and student is measured by what?

A

The similarity between the idea being transmitted and the idea received.

63
Q

Ground instruction and classroom lectures are considered to be examples of which domain of learning?

A

Cognitive domain

64
Q

What are the types of memory used in learning?

A
  1. Sensory register
  2. Short-term memory
  3. Long-term memory
65
Q

Which principle of learning often creates a strong, almost unshakable impression?

A

Principle of Primacy

66
Q

One way to guide your student through a learning plateau is to…

A

…move to a different part of the training curriculum

67
Q

When might negative motivation be warranted?

A

When a student is overconfident and impulsive.

68
Q

What is the lowest level in the taxonomy for the Psychomotor domain?

A

Perception

69
Q

Performing rectangular pattern maneuvers helps a student fly traffic patterns. What type of learning transfer is this?

A

Positive transfer of learning.

70
Q

What is the hazard of overlearning?

A

The knowledge may stop developing and get replaced with behavior more like an automated skill.

71
Q

What are insights?

A

The mental grouping of affiliated perceptions into meaningful wholes.

72
Q

What is Principal of Recency?

A

Things most recently learned are best remembered.

73
Q

In the cognitive domain, what two levels follow knowledge?

A

Comprehension and Application

74
Q

What is the taxonomy for the Affective learning domain?

A
  1. Receiving
  2. Responding
  3. Valuing
  4. Organizing
  5. Characterization
75
Q

What is the Principal of Exercise?

A

Things most often repeated are best remembered.

76
Q

Why should a flight instructor avoid the use of distractions during deliberate practice?

A

Students achieve better results when not interrupted by instructor-induced distractions.

77
Q

What are Thorndike’s Law’s of Learning?

A

Readiness

Effect

Excercise

Primacy

Instensity

Recency

(REEPIR)

78
Q

What is Constructivism?

A

Learners do not acquire knowledge and skills passively but actively build or construct them based on their experiences.

79
Q

Things most often repeated are best remembered because of which principle of learning?

A

Principle of Exercise

80
Q

In the learning process, fear or the element of threat will…

A

… narrow the student’s perceptual field

81
Q

A student pilot’s attitude regarding safety is considered to be an example of which domain of learning?

A

Affective domain

82
Q

What makes a good scenario?

A

A good scenario:

Has clear objectives

Is tailored to the needs of the learner

Capitalizes on the nuances of the environment

83
Q

How do you identify fixation or inattention problems?

A

Look at where the learner is looking.

84
Q

What are some of the challenges of managing multiple tasks?

A

Distractions and Interruptions

Fixation and Inattention

85
Q

What are some strategies for reducing errors?

A

Checking for Errors - Checklists

Taking time

Raising awareness

Developing routines

Learning and Practicing

Using Reminders

86
Q

What are the various types of short-term memory

A

Acoustic

Iconic

Working

87
Q

How long is information held in short-term memory?

A

30 seconds

88
Q

What is recoding?

A

The short-term memory process that relates incoming information to concepts or knowledge already in memory.

89
Q

What affects the ability to successfully retrieve memories?

A

Frequency and Recency

Frequently AND recently is best retrieved. Frequently OR recently is more vulnerable to being forgotten.

90
Q

What are the different ways we forget?

A

Retrieval Falure,

Fading

Interference

Repression or Suppression

91
Q

What are some things an instructor should do to help learner’s remember?

A

Discuss differences between STM and LTM

Explain how usage frequency and recency affect remembering

Explain depth of understanding affect on remembering

Encourage use of mnemonic devices while studying

Explain the benefits of studying at regular intervals over cramming

92
Q

When asking a student to explain how gross weight affects maneuvering speed, what level of learning is being tested?

A

Understanding

93
Q

What is the result when students are unable to see the benefits or purpose of a lesson?

A

They may be less motivated.

94
Q

When your student is able to perform without much thought, what stage of skill acquisition has been reached?

A

Automated Response

95
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The natural tendancy to resist learning from errors by overestimating one’s ability to recognize and prevent them.

96
Q

What are the phases of skill development?

A

Cognitive Stage

Associative Stage

Automatic Response Stage

97
Q

What are traits of Right Brain learners?

A

Creative and emotional

Prefers open-ended questions

Prefer to learn top-down, concepts before facts (holistically)

More likely to recall people’s faces

98
Q

What are some traits of Left-brain learners?

A

Analytical and objective

Prefer to learn bottom-up, facts building up to concepts (Serialistic)

Prefers writing

More likely to remember people’s names

Flight Instructor (22 decks)

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