The Late Middle Ages: Chapter 11 Flashcards
Black Death
DEF: outbreak of plague (yersenia pestis - mostly bubonic) in mid 14th cen. that killed 25-50% of Europe population
SIG: extremely destructive to population, economics (loss of labor), mjor upheaval; spread via trading ports (started in Genoa Italy); YOLO times due to constant fear of death, ppl felt plague was a punishment for sins (from god or devil); Jewish were blamed mostly in Germamy (heavy anti-semitism); art changed=many artists died, emphasis on pain and death, morbid
Pogroms
DEF: organized massacres against jews
SIG: jews blamed for plague and antisemitic feelings led to massive attacks and massacres, mostly in Germany, jews fled to Russia and Poland where they were offered protection
Scutage
DEF: money payment for military service that replaced obligation of military service in lord vassal relationship (land=service)
SIG: lord vassal relationsips decreased in importance, more focused on political influence & corruption, nobles advance in power & wealth at the expense of others, monarchs/aristocrats left short of cash, professional soldiers hired, social uncertainties
Third Estate
DEF: consisted of those who aren’t clergy or nobility, common ppl
SIG: This division (Estates General) only represented part of France, not entire kingdom, southern states had their own divisions, showed France’s lack of unity
Great Schism
POPE FIGHT
DEF: division in Catholic Roman Church, w/two popes to be in power at the same time (eventually 3!) ended by Council of Constance
SIG: harmful effect on Catholic Church & Christendom, loyalties divided, financial abuses formed within church, damaged believers faith, popes calling each other “anit-christ”
Mysticism
DEF:immediate experience of oneness with god
SIG: popular with those who wanted more active role in their salvation, teaching of Meister Eckhart sparked Movement of Mysticism , union of soul w/god, INFLUENCED LIVING
Vernacular
DEF: native language/dialect
SIG: several writers began to write in vernacular & it had a rapid growth in literature and allowed general public to be able to read it as well (not nobles or clergy)
Peasants and Urban Revolts
led to social conflicts, nobles pursued their own interests, peasants wanted higher wages (resources scarce), nobles wanted to impose restrictions even though they and knights had all they wanted, new government taxes hurt peasants
Hundred Years War
coflict between England and France bc both Edward ||| and Philip V| wanted to be King and willing o use nations resources for prestige and land (Edward wanted to be recognized as king but Philip was crowned) , Edward declared War but France won in the end (Edward could not be king due to female line, so Philip as a close cousin was chosen instead)
Boniface V|||
essentially said papacy was superior to royals (spiritual over temporal) and that kings must obey popes
Conflict between Papacy and Monarchies
Philip IV wanted to tax french clergy, Boniface refused, said the clergy couldn’t without his (pope) permission, his claims meant papacy had universal authority, excommunicated Philip so
Philip captured Boniface–held for trial—rescued by Italians but then died—Philip won enforcing monarchies superiority over papacy
Decline of Chruch
- Residency of Popes in Avignon led to anti-papal feelings
- Great Schism divided loyalties, damaged faith
- Black death impacted religious beliefs due to stress on death and pain, church didn’t provide spiritual comfort as priests fled from plague
- (Mysticism) caused people to want to play a more active role in their salvation + Changes in Theology = emphasis on reason/no proof of spiritual truths so accepted division of “Rational theology” and “mystical” theology
Cultural World of 14th Century
Vernacular Literature growth
Morbid themes emphasized in art &writing due to Black Death
Increase due to Dante’s Italian vernacular literature especially DIVINE COMEDY = soul’s progression to salvation
Society in Age of Adversity: Urban Life
- authorities tried to keep cities clean but bathhouses were viewed as unhealthy = decline in personal cleanliness
- greater prostitution & hedonism (self-indulgence) due to fear of death, marriage/living no longer delayed, gender roles strengthened, DIVISION OF LABOR ROLE
- EDUCATION GREW, higher commitment to training and investing in survival and health of children
Society in Age of Adversity: Medicine
- After plague, rise in surgeons + vernacular medical textbooks w/how to approaches to med/surg problems
- increased attention to public health + sanitation
- Enforced regulations and public health laws instituted (all mostly to avoid plague) and some quarantines to isolate epidemics though rarely successful
