Ch. 21 Unit 6b: Isms & Revolutions (1815-1914) Flashcards

Question

Reform in Great Britain

Answer 1

-In 1830, parliamentary elections brought Whigs to power in Britain, successful July Revolution catalyzes change in GB *IR led to expanding group of Industrial Leaders who objected corrupt British electoral system that excluded them from political power (even though whigs = members of landed classes, they realized concessions to reform were better than revolution, demands of wealthy industrial middle class could no longer be ignored) --> Whigs introduced election reform bill in 1830, enacted 1832 after intense struggle -Reform Act of 1832: *Gave explicit recognition to changes wrought in British lifestyle by IR, disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs & enfranchised 42 new towns & cities & reapportioned others, gave new industrial urban communities some voice in gov. (However property qualification for voting was retained but still meant 1/30 ppl were represented in Parliament) *Benefited upper-middle class more, they had been added to landed interests in ruling GB (lower middle clas, artisans, industrial workers still had no vote *Didn't sig. alter House of Commons -New Reform Legislation in 1830s & 40s: *Aristocratic landowning class usually (not always) reason behind legislation that stopped worst abuses of industrial system (instituted gov. regulations of working conditions in factories, mines), Industrialists & manufacturers now in Parliament opposed (not always) such legislation & preferred those in favor of economic liberalism --> Poor Law of 1884 based on theory that aid encouraged laziness & increased # of paupers so those unable to support themselves were crowded into workhouses where living & working conditions were intentionally miserable --> ppl encouraged 2 find better employment *Repeal of Corn Laws = primarily work of manufactures Richard Cobden & John Bright who formed Anti-Corn Law League in 1838 to help workers by lowering bread prices & abolishment also aided industrial middle class (who as economic liberals favored principles of free trade) --> repeal came in 1846 when Sir Robert Peel (leader of tories) persuaded some of his associates to support free trade principles & abandon Corn laws -GB ended 1848 year w/o major crisis, middle class largely satisfied by Reform Act of 1832 & Repeal Act of 1846

Answer 2

-Revolutionaries in Prussia & other German states began to demand more liberal reforms + constitutional reforms & voting rights & Unification for German states *Heat of revolution turned up to hottest in Prussia, strongest of German States -King of Prussia, Frederick William |V suppressed revolution w/force but agreed to make some of the reforms liberals demanded --> so delegates from German states got together in Frankfurt Assembly & drafted new constitution that would unify German States HOWEVER conservative monarchy was able to divide delegates along class & party lines so unable to come to any significant decisions, so Frederick William refused to accept Frankfurt Constitution & crushed remaining protests

Answer 3

-Austrian Empire home to many diff ethnic empires & all were taken by wave of nationalism & longed for right of self-rule -These various groups revolted for diff reasons but w/Russias help, Austria was able to defeat them

Answer 4

-Several other countries inspired by France & ideas of nationalism, liberalism launched revolts/revolutions during the 1800s, esp 1848 -Germanic States: *Liberals (usually highly educated) met together to create German constitution (heavily nationalist) *Austria withdraw from delegation (want to keep emperor, "I'm good!") *Offered Prussian King crown of Emperor or Germans (but agree to constitutional limitations on power), but he refused, doesn't agree nor wants to be limited (but regrets it) *People had little ability to enforce Constitution & revolution failed -Austrian Empire: *Has consistently struggled because of divserity, struggled w/unity bc of all the different groups, so nationalism is huge motivator (desire for self-determination) *Hungarians wanted some independence from Habsburg crown (own legislature, etc) *Revolts in major cities gave opportunity to draft Constitution *Austrian (Habsburg) leaders give in to some Hungarian autonomy--only tied by loyalty to Habsburg crown *other groups too --> Czech begin agitating for similar independence, but Austrians refused & fight back (principle of legitimacy) *Russians send 140,000 troops to suppress revolutions & autocracy remains in Austria -Italian States: *Very fragmented, city states, small kingdoms, have been conquered by other foreign powers (Austria, Spanish, French) *Mazzini (leader of Italy's risorgimento, dedicated Italian nationalist) founded organization Young Italy in 1831, goal = united italy & urged Italians to dedicate their lives to the nation, many Italian women took to his call (Cristina Belgioioso supported, pursued by Austrian authorities, fled to Paris & started newspaper abt Italian Cause) *Some uprisings in 1830s (to unify), but they failed; new enthusiasm in 1848 *Revolts against Pope, Austrian leaders, etc to establish unified & liberated Italy ultimately failed

Answer 5

-Revolts lead to revolutionary movements & moments of liberal constitutionalism, but this was all ultimately crushed by the end of 1848, why? -Division within Revolutionary groups: *Initial unity made revolution possible, but division within revolutionary groups led to fractures that couldn’t be mended *Radicals v liberals --> Suffrage (concerns about class status & property) *Nationalism often driving factor, also fragmented -Concert of Europe : Maintain status quo

Answer 6

-U.S. Constitution ratified in 1789 committed US to 2 major forces of half of 19th century, liberalism & nationalism *Initially divisions over power of federal gov challenged constitutional commitment to national unity *Conflict between Federalists (Led by Alexander Hamilton, favored financial program that would estab. strong central gov) & Republicans (Guided by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison, feared centralization & consequences for pop. liberties) *European rivalries intensified divisions b/c Federalists were Pro-British & Republicans pro-french *Successful conclusion of War of 1812 against GB brought end to Federalists (who opposed war) & surge of national feeling generated by war healed nations divisions -Strong Force of National Unity = John Marshall --> made Supreme Court into important national institution by asserting right of Court to overrule act of congress (if court found it to be in violation of constitution) -Election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828 = new Era in American politics --> dropped traditional property qualifications, suffrage extended to almost all adult white males *+ Americans developed detention schools for juvenile delinquents & new penal institutions, both motivated by liberal belief that right kind of environment = rehabilitation of those in need

Answer 7

-Revolutionary upheavals of late 18th & early 19th centuries made ruling elites nervous abt social disorder & potential dangers to their lives & property -influx of large numbers of people from countryside into rapidly growing cities had led to horrible living conditions, poverty, unemployment, & great social dissatisfaction -Significant rise in property crimes --> provoked severe reaction among middle-class urban residents SO New Polices forces! :)

Answer 8

-1st major contribution of 19th cen. to the development of a disciplined or ordered society in Europe was a regular system of police -A number of European states established civilian police forces (groups of well-trained law, enforcement officers who were to preserve property & lives, maintain domestic order, investigate crime, & arrest offenders) -FRANCE: New approach to policing made First appearance in France in 1828 when Louis-Maurice Debelleyme (prefect of Paris) proclaimed that its goal was to protect --> serjents appeared on Paris street *blue uniforms to make them easily recognizable by all citizens, lightly armed w/white cane during day & saber at night --> not many officers at first, eventually increased -BRITISH BOBBIES: fearful of powers exercised by military/secret police in authoritarian Continental states, British had long resisted creation of professional police force --> depended on a system of unpaid constables recruited by local authorities (Often local constables were incapable of keeping order, preventing crimes, or apprehending criminals --> included dangerous jobs & incidents) *failure of the local constables led to three thousand uniformed police officers appearing on streets of London September 1829 - May 1830, became known as Bobbies after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced legislation that created force *Primary goal to prevent crime, municipal forces found that police were also useful for imposing order on working-class urban inhabitants *As demands for better pay & treatment led to improved working conditions, British police began to develop sense of professionalism -SPREAD OF POLICE SYSTEMS: organized throughout the Western world during 19th cen, after revs of 1848 in Germany, state-financed police force called the Schutzmannschaf modeled after British popo appeared *Began as civilian body, but by 1851 force had become organized more along military lines & was used for political purposes --> military nature was reinforced by force’s weaponry

Answer 9

-Contemporary reformers approached the problem in other ways -Some believed that increase in crime was related to dramatic increase in poverty --> Strongly influenced by middle-class belief that unemployment was result of sheer laziness, European states passed poor laws that attempted to force paupers to either find work on their own or enter workhouses (poor living conditions, purposeful) -Another group of reformers argued that real problem, was that poverty was a result of the moral degeneracy of the lower classes, increasingly labeled the ‘‘dangerous classes’’ because of perceived threat they posed to middle-class society *belief led one group of secular reformers to form institutes to instruct working classes in applied sciences in order to make them more productive members of society --> The London Mechanics’ Institute, established in Britain for example, (One institute in Germany too) -Organized religion took diff. approach *British evangelicals set up Sunday schools to improve the morals of working children & in Germany, evangelical Protestants established nurseries for orphans & homeless children, women’s societies to care for sick & poor, & prison societies that prepared women to work in prisons *Catholic Church attempted same kind of work through a revival of religious orders --> dedicated priests & nuns used spiritual instruction & recreation to turn young male workers away from moral vices of gambling, drinking & female workers from lives of prostitution

Answer 10

-Increase in crime led to a rise in arrests *By 1820s in most countries, indiscriminate use of capital punishment, (British had shipped people convicted of serious offenses to colonial territory of Australia, practice began to slow down in late 1830s when colonists loudly objected) even for crimes against property, was increasingly being viewed as ineffective & replaced by imprisonment *Prisons served to isolate criminals from society, but growing # of reformers questioned purpose & effectiveness, especially when prisoners were subjected to harsh & even humiliating work as punishment --> wanted to better penal conditions, British & French sent missions to United States in early 1830s to examine how two different systems then used in American prisons accomplished this goal, At Auburn Prison in New York, prisoners were separated at night but worked together in same workshop during the day, At Walnut Street Prison in Philadelphia, prisoners were kept separated in individual cells *both French & British constructed prisons on Walnut Street model w/separate cells that isolated prisoners from one another (believed that solitary confinement forced prisoners to examine consciences, led to greater remorse & increased possibility that they would change their evil ways) --> As prison populations increased, solitary confinement proved expensive & less feasible, French even returned to their custom of sending prisoners to French Guiana to handle overload

Answer 11

-Challenged Enlightenment, balance to reason by emphasizing other means of knowing like intuition & imagination, Romantics help to individualism that emphasized glory of unique traits of each human being -Jean Jacques Rousseau differed from Enlightenment colleagues by emphasizing feelings & passion sometimes even over reason, believed & taught god was benevolent & accessible thru persons affection (pantheism), alienated deists, also emphasized moral improvement of self & society + w/emphasis on subjectivity he is typically seen as forerunner of Romantic Movement -Romanticism in Arts: *Romanticism rejected enlightenment's emphasis on reason & neoclassicism's emphasis on sterility & control *emphasized emotional exuberance, imaginative exploration, spontaneity *See these emphasis's in romantic literature, some romantic writers felt deeply for their own ppl & their own history, thus produced works that engendered nationalism --> For example, Grimm Brothers collected German fairy tales & morality stories & published them under title "Children's & Household Tale" Felt Germans feel more German *After French Rev. it became clear to Europeans that revolution, war, & rebellion demonstrated emotional power that comes when ppl r united by nationalism & engage in mass politics -Romantic poets emphasized love of nature *William Wordsworth believed humans had a kind of mystical connection to Nature only by learning depths of created order could humans truly know themselves --> Abandoned structure & rigidity of classical forms of poetry & instead wrote in ordinary language lifting up ordinary objects intro realm of Glorious contemplation -Visual Artists also had Romantic Spirit *Art is outer manifestation of artists's inner feelings *Art must display emotion, warmth, movement (fundamental rejection of Neoclassical movement's emphasis on restraint & symmetry) --> For example, Casper David Friedrich's painting "The Wanderer Above a Sea of Fog", clear he had a mystical view of nature but also exhibits emphasis on individualism (single wanderer) -Music!: *Beethoven changed it the most: music reflected restrained classicism of teachers & influences but by 1804 he was composing music squarely in romantic strain --> produced fear & rapture, pain & longing, bridge from classical era to Romanticism -Religion: romanticism revived it! *Methodism in England as example, movement founded by John Wesley (had profound experience, convinced by that not good deeds) that experience led Wesley to go preaching gospel & that his followers must have a real relationship w/Christ, conversion experience in which saved person encounters god in power, spread rapidly across Europe & then even America * Especially among German Romantics, there were many conversions to Catholic faith

Answer 12

-As European nations extended right to vote to more & more ppl, political parties had to appeal to more voters' interests to win offices *For Example in England the conservative party only cared abt interests of landed elites while liberal party increasingly represented interest of working class so as more & more of working class gained right to vote, liberal party grew in influence & power in 19th cen. & ppl turned to liberal party to enact policies for national education system & public healthy benefit *Another example is Germany's Social Democratic Party --> built on Marxist principles of class struggle & worked to improve lives of German working class

Answer 13

-promoted social & economic reforms & some of these even turned into political parties themselves *For ex before the Social Democratic Party in Germany was a political party it was two independent labor unions (General German Workers' Association & Social Democratic Workers' Party) *Especially prominent in England *In 1870 Labor Unions gained right to strike --> in 1888 female workers organized strike in match industry & in 1889 London Dock workers did the same -When WW| rolled around somewhere around 3-4 million workers had organized themselves into labor unions In England & this became a primary way workers agitated reform to wages & working conditions

Answer 14

-Women also pressed for legal economic & political rights + improved working conditions, came about in part bc women were exceedingly involved in broader reform movements that gave them motivation to question their own roes in society *For example Barbara Smith Bodichon fathered a group of women together who became known as Ladies of Langdon Place --> worked together to extend voting rights to women & recognize women's rights to property apart from their husband *Flora Tristan: Worked for Women's equality in France, but since she was a Utopian Socialist her idea didn't really seem workable in real world & thus her ideas remained confined to margin of society *Building on Tristan's work, the Women's Social & Political Union emerged in GB in early 20th cen. created by Pankhurst family who organized rallies for women's equality --> Most significant rally for women suffrage occurred in 1908 in London's Hyde Park, in response police attacked demonstrators & jailed many, but Pankhurst continued fighting for Women's suffrage (a fight that eventually pressured GB to add that issue onto their platform & as a result in 1918 British parliament passed a law enabling men over 21 to vote & women over age of 30 to vote

Answer 15

-Sunday School Movement: aimed to provide education for working class children & most teaching done by women *Massive success & as adults brought their children to learn reading, writing, & arithmetic, adults themselves learned too all leading to a more literate & empowered society -Abolitionist movement sought to ban slavery *Movement had most success in England where growing out of Abolitionist work of William Wilbur Force by 1838, slavery was abolished across British empire

Answer 16

-Ppl in power wanted gov. out of their business (core idea of liberalism) -In middle of 19th cen. w/significant problems of overcrowding & crime created by urbanization, ppl began to demand liberal reforms of their gov (get involved into solving their problems) *As capitalistic societies grew more complex it was no longer practical or desirable for many citizens that the gov. stay completely out of things --> Gov seen as chief mover of social reform

Answer 17

-Public Health: Edwin Chadwick of GB sought reform for the poor believed one of the major factors of the poor remaining poor was disease (transmitted among poor in high #s bc of filthy & unsanitary living environment --> Became basis if GB's first Public Health legislation by which Britain built modern sanitary systems including sewer & clean water systems --> Reforms very popular, so British parliament continued enacting reforms bc they were popular & the working class began to trust their gov. & decreased possibility of violent class struggles *Many of the reforms were policies of GB's Liberal Party, grew to have majority in Parliament by 1906 -Urban Planning: *Napoleon || charged George Housman w/tearing up city to build new one *Widened boulevards + parks, sewers, aqueducts to lower disease, success has New Paris become model for new ventures & Urban planning all throughout Europe -Professional Popo as mentioned before

Answer 18

-Between 1870-1914, majority of European govs passed Compulsory Education laws to get boys and girls between ages 6-12 into school *Passed these to keep public order, deemed schools to be prime environment to engender nationalism, & economic growth -Good example was development of kindergartens in Germany --> idea of German reformer Friedrich Frued, believed children should be educated primarily through play & established kindergartens that provided opportunity for children to build w/geometric blocks & engage in play-based activities --> Revolution of 1848 in Germany caused gov to shut down kindergartens but by then idea had spread to other European States