Ch. 13 - Reformation & Religious Warfare in 1500s (+ part of ch 15)

Question 1

Predestination

Answer 1

DEF: belief associated w/Calvinism, that God as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) & those who will be damned
SIG: 3 tests: open profession of faith, “decent & godly life”, & participation in sacraments of baptism & communion
-eliminates humanity’s free will
b/c it denies human beings ability to choose salvation or reject it

Question 2

Catholic Reform

Answer 2

DEF: movement for reform of Catholic Church in 16th cen., revived papacy, regeneration of old religious orders &founding of new ones, most noticeably Jesuits; all dudes, (Ursulines - female order, focused on educating Catholics especially young girls like Jesuits & had impulse to carry teaching of Christ throughout world in missionary effort –> ST. Teresa of Avila = reformed Carmelite Order of church where they rejected affluence of corrupted church & adopted life of prayer & poverty), reaffirmation of trad. Catholic doctrine @ Council of Trent
SIG: revived best features of medieval Catholicism & adjusted to meet new conditions, most apparent in revival of mysticism & monasticism, resulted in creation of Protestantism

Question 3

Huguenots

Answer 3

DEF: French Calvinists
SIG: -came from all levels of society: artisans & shoekeepers hurt by rising prices & rigid guild, merchants & lawyers w/weak privelages & members of nobility (40-50% of French nob. became huguenots)
-conversion of nobles=Huguenots potentially dangerous political threat to monarchical power

Question 4

Puritans

Answer 4

DEF: English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism for Church of England
SIG: potentially dangerous to Anglicanism (form of Christianity that includes features of both Protestantism & Roman Catholicism)

Question 5

Mannerism

Answer 5

DEF: 16th cen. artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down high ren. principles of balance, harmony, & moderation
SIG: Spread from Italy to other parts of Europe
-Used unnatural, acidic colors, Shapes elongated/exaggerated
-El Greco (1541-1614):
Greek artist, mostly worked in Spain;conveyed sense of suffering & strong emotional atmosphere filled w/anxiety & confusion

Question 6

Baroque

Answer 6

DEF: Demonstrate glory and power of the Catholic Church
SIG: -eventually replaced mannerism, began in Italy & spread
-Encouraged by papacy and Jesuits
-Baroque artists sought to bring together classical ideas of Ren. art w/spiritual feelings of 16th cen. religious revival: Emotion, grandeur, movement, etc; Broad areas of light and shadow (non-linear) ; Less concerned with realism, more with emotion/effect;
Supposed to give “spontaneous personal experience

Question 7

Baroque Artists

Answer 7

-Caravaggio (1571-1610, Italian)
Highly emotional scenes
Sharp contrast of light and dark (dramatics)
-Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640, Flemish)
Worked for Habsburg Court
Emphasized color & sensuality
-Artemesia Gentileschi (1593-1652)
First female artists to gain recognition in post-Ren era
First woman to paint historical and religious scenes (Judith series)

Question 8

Baroque Architecture

Answer 8

-Reflected image and power of absolute monarchs & Catholic Church
-Gianlorenzo Bernini:
Baroque architect & sculpture
Designed colonnade for St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

Question 9

Contextualization

Answer 9

-In high middle ages, there was a series of bitter & ongoing disputed between Roman Catholic Popes & European kings especially king of France
-In 1309 the King of France pressured new pope to establish papacy in Avignon & away from Italy –> Series of Popes in Avignon focused almost none on spiritual well-being of church but all on consolidating power & wealth
-In 1377 seat of papacy moved back to Italy under leadership of New Pope who was all abt making sure no violation occurred again, was very intense –> lots of fighting, back in France they elected another pope to rule from Avignon (So Catholic Church dominated by 2 rival popes who claimed absolute power
-Situation lasted for almost 40 years so going into 1500s many thought Church was corrupt & flawed

Question 10

Contextualization

Answer 10

-Emerging Nationalism: Princes, Kings, Centralized Power
-Social Conflict: Church taught usury was sin, Bourgeoisie/Peasants resentful over outcomes of revolts (issues over feudalism), dislike anyone w/power & wealth (Church too), example=Witchcraft persecutions
-In 12th cen, Church developed doctrine of Purgatory = after death, didn’t go to heaven or hell, but rather into middle space called Purgatory to be purified for heaven, some stay longer depending on your life
-Church Materialism: ie. Simony=buying church office, more Church leaders from powerful/wealthy families who want to increase power & wealth, Indulgences=money 4 reducing punishments for sins
-Printing Press: spread ideas (more written in vernacular –> more ppl can read bible)

Question 11

Chief Ideas of Christian Humanists & Protestant Reformers & Differences

Answer 11

-Christian Humanists: based on sources of early Christianity (Bring Back simplicity), no fundamental changes of Church
-Protestant Reformers: wanted change b/c of corrupt practices of Church (indulgences, failing Church leaders), less nobility/laypeople reading bible

Question 12

Martin Luther’s main disagreements w/Roman Catholic Church & what helped it spread so quickly?

Answer 12

-Main Disagreements: role of clergy, path to salvation, sacraments, relationship w/secular authorities, indulgence
-95 Theses published in 1517 = document which outlined in details all his complaints w/Catholic Church
-Conditions that helped spread Lutheranism: printing press = writing in venacular (+ in Germany preaching of Luther’s teachings & illustrated pamphlets for illiterate), German Princes/state authorities (growth of maintenance of Reformed Church)

Question 13

Edict/Diet of Worms: Charles V’s verdict on Luther

Answer 13

-essentially outlaws Luther’s teachings, declares them as heresy
-forbids Luther from preaching & order 4 all his writings to be destroyed (doesn’t happen b/c of printing press)
-German Princes protected Luther, one grants him safe passage home

Question 14

Main Ideas of Lutheranism

Answer 14

-Path To Salvation: Faith alone
-Sacraments: infant baptism, communion, believed in transubstantiation
-Relationship w/secular authorities: respect authority/secular rulers

Question 15

Main Ideas of Zwinglianism

Answer 15

-Path to Salvation: Faith Alone
-Sacraments: infant baptism, communion, rejected transubstantiation
-Relationship w/Secular Authorities: respect authority/secular rulers

Question 16

John Calvin

Answer 16

-Most sig. contribution to reformation was to systematize Protestant doctorine —> did so in lengthy treatise “The Institutes of Christian religion”:
*Predestination doctrine = god had from before foundation of world decided who would be saved or go to hell, salvation or damnation not human, but God’s choice
*Elect doctrine = those whom god had chosen to save, and those truly elect had no choice in the matter therefore could never loose salvation
-taught financial wealth was proper reward for hard work & as long as elect didn’t allow money to become their God, their accumulation of wealth could be seen as sign of God’s favor

Question 17

Main Ideas of Calvinism

Answer 17

-Path to Salvation: Predestination (God decided @ beginning of time who would be saved)
-Sacraments: infant baptism, communion, rejected transubstantiation
-Relationship w/Secular Authorities: Church is highest religious & secular authority (Theocracy=Church runs gov.)

Question 18

Main Ideas of Anabaptism

Answer 18

-Path to Salvation: Faith alone
-Sacraments: adult baptism, communion, rejected transubstantiation
-Relationship w/secular authorities: complete separation of church & state

Question 19

What helped develop and spread the four reform movements? (Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, Calvinism)

Answer 19

-Political: rise of competing states, resent over wealth/power of Church
-Economic: resentment of Church wealth (materialism) & taxes
-Social: questioning of church, printing press spread ideas critiquing Church

Question 20

What impact did Protestant Reformation have on family in 16th cen?

Answer 20

-W/rise of merchant class, some wealthy, class movement upward possible but land ownership still held significant social capital
-Gave sex purpose=marriage & children
-b/c of elimination of monasticism & celibate clergy, family @ center of life
-women cannot be nuns- duty is family life, child bearing & obedience to husband, no religious control & men=ruler of house for everything
-Stress of love between man & wife
-Made men & women read bible together so women are educated too
-women learned more about moral values>intellectual development

Question 21

What impact did Protestant Reformation have on education in 16th cen?

Answer 21

-wider audience, “all children”, provided by gov.
-used humanist methods but combined emphasis on liberal arts w/religious instruction (needed to be able to read bible)

Question 22

What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on Religious Practice & Popular Culture?

Answer 22

-removed several practices: abolished indulgences, respect for relics/saints, pilgrimages, monasticism, & clerical celibacy
-religious ceremonies/imagery replaced w private prayer, family worship & collective prayer
-tried to eliminate customary forms of entertainment (like Puritans trying to end tavern activities but couldn’t)

Question 23

Council of Trent 1545-1563

Answer 23

-3 sessions to develop response to Reformation = affirmed equal authority of Church & Bible (protestants bible only), salvation earned through good works, & faith, all seven sacraments valid (Protestants only 2) & transubstantiation reaffirmed
*Suppressed practice of Simony, reestablished celibacy of priesthood & cleaned up practices of indulgences
-results: Index of Forbidden Books approved, any book that supported Protestantism/was overly critical of Church (Erasmus) banned from Catholic Countries, (anyone possessing books punished severely)

Question 24

Consequences of Council of Trent

Answer 24

-Southern Germany & Eastern Europe return to/remain Strictly Catholic
-Index of Forbidden books strictly enforced
-Deep Divide between Catholics & Protestants –> outbreak of religious wars across Europe
-Lack of unity across Europe & increased nationalism –> Northern Europe Protestantism, Southern remained Catholic

Question 25

Jesuits

Answer 25

-Ignatius Loyola–leader: Strict/disciplined, Emphasized missionary work , Aimed to help reform church via education, Determined to fight Protestantism
-Jesuits took control of Spanish & Roman Inquisitions: Increased persecutions
Spain: Christian Moors (Muslims) & Christian Jews targeted–suspected of “backsliding to original faiths”
Rome: Pope Paul IV issued papal bull accusing Jews of killing Christ & ordered Jews to be placed in ghettos in Papal States -> Increased Anti Semitism

Question 26

Reflections on political and economic developments through Art

Answer 26

-French: replaced Italy 2nd half of 17th cen. ->rejected Baroque style w/classical values of High Ren. (but continued grandeur in portrayal of noble subjects) = reflected shift in 17th cen. French society from chaos to order
-Dutch Realism: comissioned works of art 4 wealthy–> reflected interests of wealthy society (many portraits), more focused on everyday secular life
(Baroque & Mannerism too)

Question 27

Reflections on political and economic developments through Theater/Literature

Answer 27

-new works written in vernacular, overall growth in theater
-English cultural flowering during Queen Elizabeth the |’s reign; Shakespeare
-Spain: theater=form of expression; Lope de Vega=set agenda for playwrights, wrote to please audience
-French: Art, Arch. & Theater for elites (royal patronage), Jean-Baptiste Moliere ridiculed religious hypocrisy