Ch. 20 & 23 Unit 6a: Industrialization & Mass Society & Progress Flashcards

Question

Society in 1800s

Answer 1

-Police Forces: *Threat of revolutionary upheavals Urbanization = crime *Created civilian police forces, well trained law enforcement officers to preserve property & lives *Some forces became more military-like & were used by the state (Germany) -Romanticism: *balance/challenge use of reason from Enlightenment *Emphasized emotion, sentiment, inner feelings Individualism--interested in unique traits of individuals; rebel against middle class ideals *Music was very important to romantics; Emergence of Beethoven--music reflected innermost emotions

Answer 2

-1st IR = textiles, railroads, iron & coal --> 2nd IR = steel, chemicals, electricity & petroleum -Manchester, England --> 1st Industrial Park created here = designated area built specifically for manufacturing (specialized in making machines that made other machines) --> Manchester = a city built for industries & inhabitants saw standard of living rise & wealth come pouring in

Answer 3

- 1st major change in industrial development after 1870 was substitution of steel for iron -New methods of rolling & shaping steel made it useful in construction of lighter, smaller & faster machines & engines, + railways, ships, & armaments --Krupp Family in Essen Germany = starting in 16th cen, they began manufacturing weapons & by time of 2nd IR --> had perfected process of making steel & by 1870, states from all over Europe & world were buying weapons from Krupp industries so they dominated steel industry for a century!

Answer 4

-GB fell behind in new chem industry, change in method of making soda = France & Germany take lead in producing alkaline (used 4 textile, soap & paper) -Germany overtook British in development of new organic chemical compounds (artificial dyes & nitrates 4 fertilizer) -Chemical engineering led to improved materials 4 manufacturing: 4 example, Volcanization = chem process that made rubber harder & more durable (big deal bc used widely in factories to make machines turn & effective coating 4 electrical wires

Answer 5

-New major form of energy that proved to be of great value bc easily converted into other energy like heat light & motion (big power distributions thru practical generators of electrical current, hydroelectric power stations, coal-fired steam generating plants) -Spawned whole new series of inventions: light bulb by American Thomas Edison & Briton Joseph Swan, telephone in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, radio waves sent by Guglielmo Marconi, electric railways, streetcars, subways -Factories transformed --> conveyer belts, cranes, machines, & machine tools -Countries w/o coal supplies that lagged behind b4 could now enter IR -In 1840s, American inventor Samuel Morse invented telegraph = send communications using wires 2 distant places using short & long signals AKA morse code, eventually in 1870s telegraoh wire laid across Atlantic connecting Britain w/US, further linked economy on both sides

Answer 6

-Railroads revolutionized transportation industry: dominate landscape @ this point, thousands of new miles of tracks laid (no more water) --> increased commerce by liking distant parts of country into national economy & facilitated more ppl moving from countries 2 cities -Internal Combustion engine grew in dominance: *first engine, fired by gas & air produced in 1878 (proved unsuitable 4 widespread use as source of power in transportation until development of liquid fuels, petroleum & distilled derivatives) *First IR powered by steam, second by gasoline --> eventually led to gas powered tractors 4 farming, automobiles *oil-fired engine was made in 1897 *New innovation led to new industries growing (American Henry Ford! estab. automobile manufacturing site in Manchester)

Answer 7

--Growing use of streetcars --> new leisure travel industry began to rise -Growth of Industrial production depended on development of markets 4 sales of goods -After 1870s, best foreign markets saturated so Europeans forced to take renewed look @ domestic markets --> Europeans richest consumers (pop. increases = rise in national incomes, costs of food & goods decline bc of lower transport costs --> more spending on goods!) -W/increasing availability of consumer goods @ low prices --> advertising industry born & increase in consumerism, department stores sprang up (massive stores w/lots of stuff) so shopping = leisure activity esp among middle class women SO more advertising = more demand for consumer goods & vice versa -Tariffs -Cartels formed to decrease competition internally, independent enterprises worked together to control prices & fix production quotas --> restrain competition that led to reduced prices -Formation of cartels was paralleled by move toward ever-larger manufacturing plant --> led to pressure for greater efficiency in factory production @ same time that competition led to demands for greater economy

Answer 8

-Germany vs. GB! (Germany replaces GB) but doesn't take away from Europe's division (one side industrialized the other backward & little industrialized) the lesser controlled by industrial countries to provide food & raw materials --> economic division of Europe continued well into 20th century -Growth of IE led to new patterns for AG --> lower-priced foods & less AG labor (so more expensive) = machines & imported foods in Britain + chemical fertilizers & although low prices (grains 2) had negative impact on farmers, benefited working class & consumption of other foods (b/c money to buy diff foods) -Industrialization spread beyond Western & Central Europe & North America after 1870 --> Russia & Japan! *Japan developed key industries in tea silk, armaments, shipbuilding --> workers came from ppl who abandoned their farms b/c of severe hardships in countryside

Answer 9

-Cult of Domesticity: *Reinforced idea that women should be @ home raising children *Marriage only honorable career -“Right to work”: Kept out of industrial jobs; forced to take “sweat” work -White-Collar Jobs: *Office, secretaries, clerks, operators, etc. *Offered some freedom (middle v lower class) *As public education grew, many women became teachers; extension of “natural role” -Family planning: Birth rates dropped significantly (nuclear family) --> *Middle & upper v lower classes *Attitude shift--wanted smaller families *Abortion & infanticide or abandonment ~ Way to prevent poverty (really used more by middle class) -Class-based family life : *Middle class: rigid gender roles, social expectations --> Women seen as “idle” housewife to world v unpaid work for keeping house *Working class: hard work, must contribute--shifts by early 1900s--wages improving, some women stay home

Answer 10

-Bourgeoisie & Middle class: owners of industry & professionals, high wage earners *Capitalist factory owners were free to hire labor on their own terms based on market forces (no regulation) *used government to further their aims, enhance wealth, & continue to oppress working class -Working Class (Proletariat): wage workers, industrial laborers, not represented -Socialism: *Marxism & Socialism: imminent collapse of capitalism & need for socialist ownership of production (sudden & immediate) *Evolutionary Socialism/revisionism: Eduard Bernstein --> Challenged Marxism--middle class growing under capitalism & lives of workers improving; advocated for democratic reform rather than revolution (use the right to vote) *Anarchism: move toward evolutionary socialism made many socialist parties less radical, some resorted to anarchism -->Mostly in less industrialized countries (Spain, Italy, Russia) --> In Russia, Mikhail Bakunin = poster boy for anarchism, argued that secret societies ought to lead revolutionary movements to destroy & replace state w/self governing workplaces & commune --> In France, George Sorel taught that once ppl rose up & destroyed governing authorities, that all property should then be transferred to labor unions (or Syndicate) --> Synficalism! -->People had been corrupted by state = state & all existing social institutions need to be abolished -->Turned more violent in late 19th cen.

Answer 11

-US & Western Europe experienced Long Depression -One of major causes = scarcity of money: paper money backed by gold which meant gov only issued amount of paper money that represented gold in national coffins BUT b/c of wars & increasing amount of $ demanded by consumers 2 buy manufactured goods, money became scarce --> led to banks refusing to loan out money 2 investors who wanted 2 build factories -That further led to increasing unemployment & global crisis was long in correcting itself

Answer 12

-Corporations: *Attempted to create monopolies in their industry (So those who could bought up all their competitors & when last one standing in given sector so they could set prices @ whatever they deemed appropriate, usually benefited them & not consumers -Governments: First addressed crisis w/protective tariffs, however that sometimes led to trade wars so some states developed free trade agreements = stopped tariffs between those two nations & allowed them to trade w/o being taxed significantly

Answer 13

-Industrialized well b/c of massive deposits of coal & iron (built many railroads & factories) but trade throughout German States suffered b/c of political tension between them so in order to rectify that situation, Prussia engineered something called Zovarian Agreement -Effect of Zovarian Agreement was lower barriers to trade barriers life tariffs & customs & thus unite German states economically --> it worked! -Also put in place the National System (Engineered by economist named Friedrich Liss) idea = nascent German industry needed to be protected from competition from GB, did this by imposing tariffs on imported goods BUT tariffs would only remain in place until their manufacturing sector could compete on equal footing w/Britons

Answer 14

-New, efficient methods of transportation created new industries, improved distribution, & enhanced quality of life, & separated home & work for many -Pop Growth: decline in death rates & rise in birthrates (but decline b/c of birth control ie condoms & diaphragm but mostly abortion/infanticide/abandonment) + developments in medical science (vaccines like 4 smallpox) *Reforms transformed unhealthy & overcrowded cities by modernizing infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, & establishing modern police forces, reforms enacted by governments motivated by such forces as public opinion, prominent individuals, & charity organizations -New technologies (communication & transportation) resulted in more fully integrated national economies, urbanization, & global economic network -IR & mass marketing increased production & demand for consumer goods (clothings, processed foods, labor-saving devices) -Leisure time centered on family/small groups, activities & spaces developed -Immigration To industrial areas, urbanization *southern/eastern Europeans to US (60 mil left EU, ~½ to US) -Education: *Govt supported elementary education *National/liberal interests *Skilled workers for Inds. *Increased literacy = mass-circulation of newspapers *Reformers promoted compulsory public education to advance goals of public order, nationalism, & economic growth -Leisure!: *Nightly strolls *Amusement parks *Music & dance halls *Tourism *Sports! Organized, official, professionalized -Consumerism: *Purchase material goods *Department stores!

Answer 15

-Mass politics became reality largely in Western Europe (reforms encouraged expansion of political democracy thru voting rights 4 men & creation of mass political parties) BUT developments strongly resisted in parts of Europe where old political forces remained strong -Western European States: parliamentary gov. GB & France saw expansion of right 2 vote, liberal reforms, less successful in Spain & Italy -Central Euro States (Germany & Austria-Hungary) --> had trappings of Parliamentary gov + legislative bodies & elections by universal male suffrage BUT authoritarian forces (esp. powerful monarchies & conservative social groups) remained strong -In Eastern Europe, esp Russia, old system of autocracy hardly changed