The Kidneys Flashcards
Kidney Structure-
- Posterior either side of vertebral column level with T-12-L3
- Suprarenal gland at the apex
- Hang suspended by collagen fibres of the renal fascia
- Protected by a thick layer of fat
- Strong outer fibrous capsule
Structure of the Nephron-
- Tubular Structure
- Consists of renal tubule and a renal corpuscle
- Glomerular capsule or bowman capsule
- Glomerulus - filtration
Functions of the Kidney - AWETBED
A- cid base balance
W-water balance/regulation
E-Erthropoiesis - Making of red blood cells
T-oxin removal
B-blood pressure regulation
E-Electrolyte Balance
D-Vitamin D activation
Nephritis -
Inflammation of the kidneys
- Interstitial - Medication
- Pyelonephritis- Bacterial infection
- Glomerulonephritis - Linked to something more serious no known cause.
- Abdominal pain, pain/burn urination, Nocturia , blood and pus in urine.
- Inflammatory markers , urine tests , scans.
- Treatment - dependant on location.
Nephrosis -
- Leaking of blood protein into the urine - Oedema
- Degenerative disease
- Can be a primary disorder or can be secondary to another disorder
- ‘nephrotic syndrome’
- Symptoms - Severe swelling of the eyes , foamy urine , weight gain , fatigue, loss of appetite
- Diagnosis - Urine analysis , blood tests = Increased cholestrol
- Treatment - Medication to reduce BP and cholestrol , to thin blood and suppress immune system and diuretics
Kidney cancer -
- Cancer
- Often Malignant
- Primarily over 50s
- More males than females
- Strong links to smoking
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Tend to be asymptomatic in the early stages - Metastases to liver , lungs , bones and CNS
- 5 years survival rate - 96% if caught early to 23% if caught later
Kidney - Vascular disorders-
- Similar to Arteriosclerosis
- Linked with hypertension, heart failure, high blood pressure
- Thickening and hardening of arterioles - Reduced blod supply to the kidney-ischemia
- Long term ischemia - destruction of renal tissue and chronic renal failure
- Treatment - Hypertenisves and diuretics.
Kidney- Congenital disorders.
- Adult Polycystic Kidney
- Most common kidney
- Most common genetic disease
- Present at about 40 years of age
- Gradual development of cysts in both kidneys whcih gradually expand over years
- Diagnosis - CT or MRI
- Transmitted in children as recessive gene and manifests at birth
Acute renal failure -
- both kidneys involved
- failure is reversible
- Sudden onset
- May be caused by direct reduced blood flow , inflammation , obstruction and necrosis
- Diagnosis - rapid changes to blood and urine tests
- Treatment - reverse primary problem , temporary dialysis
Chronic renal failure-
- Causes - chronic kidney diease , HT , DM
- Gradual irrversible destruction of the kidney over a long period of time
- Once advanced - progress of CRF may be slowed by not stopped due to scar tissue and loss of fucntion causing further degenerative changes
- Has several stages - decreased reserve - renal insufficiency-end stage renal failure
Renal failure - stages
Decreased reserve - Lost 60% of Nephrons , Glomerulus filtration rate and creatinine levels decrease but within normal range, No clinical signs
Renal Insufficiency- Around 75% of nephrons lost , change in blood chemistry with increase if waste products in blood , loss of control , large volumes of dilute urine , decreased RBc productions and increased BP
End stage renal Failure -90% of nephrons lost , All body systsems affected by retention of waste products , Anuria develops ( failure to produce urine) , regular dialysis or transplant required.
Dialysis-
Hemodialysis- Blood - Fistular - blood taken away from the body - to the machine - return back to the body
- 3 times a week.
Perotineal Dialysis - Catheter - fluid - drainage to get rid of waste products.
- Strict dieting and Medication.
