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Pathology SEM 1 > Life span development > Flashcards

Life span development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 stages of development ?

A
  • infancy
  • Childhood
  • Adolescene
  • Early adulthood
  • Middle age
  • Older age
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2
Q

What happens in each trimester?

A
  • First trimester
    foetal development , all major organs ( Ectoderm , Mesoderm and endoderm cells)
  • Second trimester
    Body shape and proportions change - becomes more human like
  • Third trimester
    Rapid growth , most major organs will function
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3
Q

Briefly describe the importance of critical time periods

A
  • Embryo receives nourishment.
  • Exposed to environmental changes
  • Exposure during critical time periods can lead to long term health defect.
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4
Q

Whats the Umbilical veins role in foetal circulation?

A

Carrying oxygenated blood from the mother into foetal circulation

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5
Q

What is the role of Ductus Venous in foetal circulation?

A

Short cut from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.

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6
Q

What is the role of fluid filled alveolus?

A

Lack of oxygen leads to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction= Increase pressure and resistance.

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7
Q

What is the role of Foramen Ovale in foetal circulation?

A

The foramen ovale allows blood to flow from the right side of the heart into the left atria.

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8
Q

What happens to the Foramen Ovale at birth?

A

Pressure rises in the left atrium causing the foramen ovale to close , however sometimes this does not occur causing “a hole in the heart”

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9
Q

What is the role of Ductus Arteriosus?

A

Allows blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta

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10
Q

What occurs in the lungs after birth?

A

The lungs fill with air , pressure drops resulting in increased blood flow

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11
Q

What happens to the Ductus arteriosus at birth?

A

Rising oxygen levels cause the ductus arteriosus to constrict

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12
Q

What happens to Ductus Venous at birth?

A

Remains Viable for several hours - lack of blood causes closure

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13
Q

Describe the main features of the neonatal respiratory system.

A

-Rib cage - soft and cartilaginous
-Poorly developed intercostals
-

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14
Q

Describe the main features of the neonatal musculoskeletal system.

A
  • born with 300 - fusing to 206 as an adult
  • Bones are soft - ossify
  • Muscle fibres weak and fragile
  • Body fat laid down until 9/12 years old
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15
Q

Describe the main features of the neonatal neurological system

A
  • Flexural tone - curled up position, extension of the knees almost impossible
  • Primitive reflexes - moro reflex
  • All neurones and nerves resent
  • Transient Exuberance - dendrites finding connections and pathways - learning
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16
Q

Give 6 factors that may influence growth and development

A
  • Genetic factors
  • Environmental
  • Nourishment
  • Physical and mental health of the mother
  • Normal or abnormal delivery
  • Single/multiple births ( twins)
17
Q

Describe the main features of the adolescent musculoskeletal system

A
  • Accelerated bone depositions
  • Epiphyseal plates close
  • Increase stenght and endurance of skeletal muscle
18
Q

Explain the impact of testosterone on the musculoskeletal system

A

-Testosterone has greather effect then oestrogen leading to a significant difference in muscle mass between males and females

19
Q

Describe the main features of the adolescent neurological system

A

-Sex hormones affect the central nervous system, , this triggers an increase in testosterone and oestorogen.

20
Q

Sex hormones affact the central nervous system, , this triggers an increase in testosterone and oestorogen.

A

-Increase in testosterone causes blood volume to increase + testosterone stimulates disproportionate growth of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords = deepending of voice.

21
Q

Manifestations of Ageing - Tissues

A
  • slower healing time - effectiveness decreases
  • stucture and chemical compostions alters
  • functional impairment
22
Q

Manifestations of Ageing- Appearance

A
  • Alterations to skin , thinning of epidermis , reduction in vitamins D and glandular activity . thinning of dermis , decrease in blood suppy and hair production
  • Hair loss and greying - reduction of melanin
23
Q

Manifestations of Ageing - Immunity

A
  • t cells less responsive - less responsive b cells

- increase incidence of cancer

24
Q

Manifestations of Ageing - Digestion,Urinary system and reproduction.

A
  • decline in olfactory sensitivity, gradual loss of teeth and reductions in gut mobility ( peristalsis)
  • Decrease in kidney funtion and urinary issues , lack of response to hormones and less hormones in circulation. Weakened bladder muscles in both men and women - children+enlarged prostate
  • Menopause and andropause - reduction in sex hormones
25
Q

Give 4 ways muscles are affected by ageing-

A
  • Muscle fribes because smaller - fibrosis
  • skeletal muscle in less elastic
  • muscle fatigue
  • Tolerance to exercise decreases
26
Q

Give 3 ways bones are affected by ageing -

A
  • Osteopenia - natural bone loss v Oesteoporosis - loss of bone density
  • Loss of height - vertibrea being the first bones to lose their density
  • Osteoarthritis - over 60 common to have some form of arthritis
27
Q

Give 3 ways the heart is impacted by ageing -

A
  • Reduction in cardiac output
  • Changes to the conducting cells - arythmia
  • Reduction in elasticity of cardiac muscle
28
Q

Give 3 ways the vascular system is impacted by ageing-

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • increased risk of aneurysm - bulges within vessel walls causing them to weaken giving them the potential to burst
  • decreassed function on valves in veins
29
Q

Give 3 ways the respiratory system is impacted by ageing-

A
  • Decrease in vital capacity - greatest volume we take in and out
  • increased residucal volume - air left in the lungs - decreased efficiency
  • stiffening of the rib cage , arthritic changes - considerations to be had when manual handling
30
Q

Give 4 ways the neurological system in impacted by ageing

A
  • Loss of neurones and neurotransmitters
  • gradual decline in function
  • Degenerative changes - Memory loss , anterograde amnesia ( ability to make new memories) , dementia and Alzheimer’s
  • slower motor skills
  • Narrowing of Gyri

Pathology SEM 1 (12 decks)

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