Life span development Flashcards
What are the 6 stages of development ?
- infancy
- Childhood
- Adolescene
- Early adulthood
- Middle age
- Older age
What happens in each trimester?
- First trimester
foetal development , all major organs ( Ectoderm , Mesoderm and endoderm cells) - Second trimester
Body shape and proportions change - becomes more human like - Third trimester
Rapid growth , most major organs will function
Briefly describe the importance of critical time periods
- Embryo receives nourishment.
- Exposed to environmental changes
- Exposure during critical time periods can lead to long term health defect.
Whats the Umbilical veins role in foetal circulation?
Carrying oxygenated blood from the mother into foetal circulation
What is the role of Ductus Venous in foetal circulation?
Short cut from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.
What is the role of fluid filled alveolus?
Lack of oxygen leads to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction= Increase pressure and resistance.
What is the role of Foramen Ovale in foetal circulation?
The foramen ovale allows blood to flow from the right side of the heart into the left atria.
What happens to the Foramen Ovale at birth?
Pressure rises in the left atrium causing the foramen ovale to close , however sometimes this does not occur causing “a hole in the heart”
What is the role of Ductus Arteriosus?
Allows blood flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta
What occurs in the lungs after birth?
The lungs fill with air , pressure drops resulting in increased blood flow
What happens to the Ductus arteriosus at birth?
Rising oxygen levels cause the ductus arteriosus to constrict
What happens to Ductus Venous at birth?
Remains Viable for several hours - lack of blood causes closure
Describe the main features of the neonatal respiratory system.
-Rib cage - soft and cartilaginous
-Poorly developed intercostals
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Describe the main features of the neonatal musculoskeletal system.
- born with 300 - fusing to 206 as an adult
- Bones are soft - ossify
- Muscle fibres weak and fragile
- Body fat laid down until 9/12 years old
Describe the main features of the neonatal neurological system
- Flexural tone - curled up position, extension of the knees almost impossible
- Primitive reflexes - moro reflex
- All neurones and nerves resent
- Transient Exuberance - dendrites finding connections and pathways - learning
Give 6 factors that may influence growth and development
- Genetic factors
- Environmental
- Nourishment
- Physical and mental health of the mother
- Normal or abnormal delivery
- Single/multiple births ( twins)
Describe the main features of the adolescent musculoskeletal system
- Accelerated bone depositions
- Epiphyseal plates close
- Increase stenght and endurance of skeletal muscle
Explain the impact of testosterone on the musculoskeletal system
-Testosterone has greather effect then oestrogen leading to a significant difference in muscle mass between males and females
Describe the main features of the adolescent neurological system
-Sex hormones affect the central nervous system, , this triggers an increase in testosterone and oestorogen.
Sex hormones affact the central nervous system, , this triggers an increase in testosterone and oestorogen.
-Increase in testosterone causes blood volume to increase + testosterone stimulates disproportionate growth of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords = deepending of voice.
Manifestations of Ageing - Tissues
- slower healing time - effectiveness decreases
- stucture and chemical compostions alters
- functional impairment
Manifestations of Ageing- Appearance
- Alterations to skin , thinning of epidermis , reduction in vitamins D and glandular activity . thinning of dermis , decrease in blood suppy and hair production
- Hair loss and greying - reduction of melanin
Manifestations of Ageing - Immunity
- t cells less responsive - less responsive b cells
- increase incidence of cancer
Manifestations of Ageing - Digestion,Urinary system and reproduction.
- decline in olfactory sensitivity, gradual loss of teeth and reductions in gut mobility ( peristalsis)
- Decrease in kidney funtion and urinary issues , lack of response to hormones and less hormones in circulation. Weakened bladder muscles in both men and women - children+enlarged prostate
- Menopause and andropause - reduction in sex hormones
Give 4 ways muscles are affected by ageing-
- Muscle fribes because smaller - fibrosis
- skeletal muscle in less elastic
- muscle fatigue
- Tolerance to exercise decreases
Give 3 ways bones are affected by ageing -
- Osteopenia - natural bone loss v Oesteoporosis - loss of bone density
- Loss of height - vertibrea being the first bones to lose their density
- Osteoarthritis - over 60 common to have some form of arthritis
Give 3 ways the heart is impacted by ageing -
- Reduction in cardiac output
- Changes to the conducting cells - arythmia
- Reduction in elasticity of cardiac muscle
Give 3 ways the vascular system is impacted by ageing-
- Atherosclerosis
- increased risk of aneurysm - bulges within vessel walls causing them to weaken giving them the potential to burst
- decreassed function on valves in veins
Give 3 ways the respiratory system is impacted by ageing-
- Decrease in vital capacity - greatest volume we take in and out
- increased residucal volume - air left in the lungs - decreased efficiency
- stiffening of the rib cage , arthritic changes - considerations to be had when manual handling
Give 4 ways the neurological system in impacted by ageing
- Loss of neurones and neurotransmitters
- gradual decline in function
- Degenerative changes - Memory loss , anterograde amnesia ( ability to make new memories) , dementia and Alzheimer’s
- slower motor skills
- Narrowing of Gyri
