The Endocrine System

Question 1

Function of the Endocrine system-

Answer 1

• Regulation
• Blood volume - sodium and water
• Calcium and phosphate balance
• Energy balance and control of macronutrient
• Repoduction
• Response to stress

Question 2

Hormonal pathways- Paractine pathway

Answer 2

hormone produced in a cell - secreted - acts on a near by cell

Question 3

Hormonal Pathways - Autocrine pathway

Answer 3

cell produces hormone - exerts effect on its own cell

Question 4

Hormonal Pathways - Endocrine pathway

Answer 4

hormones prodcued in cell - secrete - travell through blood vessels and acts on distant cells

Question 5

Hormonal Pathways - Synaptic pathway

Answer 5

produced in neuron , secreted , travel along the axon to synapose where they are released and taken up by nearby neurone with appropraite receptors to exert an effect

Question 6

Hormonal Pathway - Neuroendocrine

Answer 6

Hormones produced in neurone , secreted , travel along axon to synapse , released and taken up itno vascular sytem , travel to distal cells with appropriate receptors

Question 7

Causes of altered hormone function-

Answer 7

• Impairment of hypothalamus and pituitary gland
• impairment of endocrine gland
• too little or too much hormone produced and secretred
• inactive hormone production by the gland
• inadequate hormone receptor binding

Question 8

Disorders - Hyperthyroidism - Graves Disease.

Answer 8

• excessive thyroid hormone , due too increased stimulation , diseased of thyroid gland , pituitary tumour , some medications , health food supplements containing seeweed - iodine.
• Graves disease - more women than men , unknown trigger, causes state=thyrotoxicosis , enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter) and metabolic rate will go up - weight loss , sweating , aggression, intolerant of heat , tachicardia , tremor , fine hair , exopthalmos.

Question 9

Disorders - Hypothyroidism

Answer 9

• Deficient thyroid hormone - congenital or acquired
• Congenital - Foetal developmement - materal T4 crosses placenta not producing its own - developmental delay and impaired growth.
• Autoimmune disorder , surgical removal or radiation therapy to thyroid gland , medications and genetic defects
• 10x more common in women
• Myxoedema ( cardiomegaly) , Boggy , loss of lateral eyebrow , fatigued , pallor , large tongue, coarse brittle hair , fertility issues.

Question 10

The Thyroid-

Answer 10

• Butterfly shaped gland on the anterior part of the neck
• critical role in metabolism
• production of other hormones and proteins
• Promotes growth and development in children

Question 11

Hormones from the thyroid-

Answer 11

• Thyrotropin- releasing hormone TRH
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
• 2 Thyroid Hormones - Thyroxine , Triodothyronine