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Pathology SEM 1 > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Lungs Structure- Key points.

A
  • 3 lobes right - upper middle and lower
  • 2 lobes left - upper and lower
  • Horizontal and oblique fissures
  • Bronchopulmonary segments - Right =10 and left =8
  • Surrounded by the pleura ( visceral outer and parietal inner)
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2
Q

lung function - Key points.

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Surfactant production
  • Reservoir for blood
  • Filter
  • Part of the immune system
  • pH balance
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3
Q

Structure of the Trachea- Key points

A
  • C shaped cartilage rings
  • Two branches at the carina.
  • Flexible for swallowing
  • Pathologies- Floppy, cartilage and obstruction
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4
Q

Structure of Primary Bronchi - Right and left.

A
  • C shaped cartilaginous rings
  • Access the lungs via the hilum
  • Pathology - Obstruction
  • Rt is larger in diameter and descends at a deeper angle.
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5
Q

Structure of Secondary Bronchi-

A
  • Rt have 3
  • Lt has 2
  • Cartilaginous plates
  • Pneumonia
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6
Q

Structure of Tertiary Bronchi-

A
  • Rt- 10
  • Lt - 8-9
  • Cartilaginous plates
  • Increased amount of smooth muscle
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7
Q

Structure of Bronchioles-

A
  • More smooth muscle than cartilage

- COPD

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8
Q

Structure of terminal bronchioles-

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Asthma and fibrosis
  • Autonomic system regulates
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9
Q

Structure of respiratory Bronchioles-

A
  • Thin and delicate with no cilia

- Deliver air to gas exchange of the lung .

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10
Q

Structure of Alveolar ducts -

A
  • Connect respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

- affected by CF or pneumonia

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11
Q

Structure of Alveolar sacs-

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • Surfactant
  • Affected by CF or pneumonia.
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12
Q

Outline the Conducting zone in the lungs-

A
  • Trachea to terminal bronchioles
  • no gas exchange
  • gas transport
  • by convection
  • location of anatomical dead space
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13
Q

Outline the respiratory zone in the lungs-

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
  • Gas exchange at alveolar//capillary membrane
  • Gas transport by diffusion
  • large surface area
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14
Q

Give the types of Alveoli and their function-

A

Pneumocyte type 1 - Gas exchange

Pneumocyte type 2 - Surfactant

Pneumocyte can replicate themselves into type 1 if damaged

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15
Q

Give the 3 collateral channels -

A

Martin - one respiratory bronchiole to another

Lambert - Respiratpry bronchiole to alveloi

Kohn - between alveoli

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16
Q

Give the structure of the Diaphragm-

A
  • Large dome shaped muscle
  • Flattens on contraction and domes on relaxation
  • its movement will alter the pressure within the lungs
  • sometimes refered to as 2 sides - Hemidiaphrapgms
17
Q

State the blood supply of the lungs-

A
  • Pulmonary artery recieves all of the output from the right heart
  • Pulmonary system - low pressure system
  • Bronchial circulation supplies airways
18
Q

Give a brief overview of Compliance.

A

Compliance=Expandability of the lungs. -
Boyles law = When you increase the pressure the volume decreases , when you increase the volume the pressure decreases
- Causes of reduced compliance - Fibrosis , Pneumothorax , obesity, pleural effusion

19
Q

Give a brief overview of resistance-

A

Resistance = resistance to flow is present where air flows through a vessel

  • R to air flow is composed of airways resistance and tissue resistance
  • 80% of airway resistance ( AWR) is produced by medium sized bronchi, 20% of AWR is produced by small airways with a diameter <2mm
  • Factors determining airway resistance - Lung volume , state of contraction of bronchial smooth muscle ,Airway obstruction ,tissue ,resistance ,type of airflow
20
Q

Give a brief overview of elastic resistance-

A
  • Elastic resistance or elastance = is a measure of the work that has to be exerted by the muscles of inspiration to expand the lungs
  • Elastic recoil= Is the ability of the lungs to rebound having been strecthed during inhalation
21
Q

Give a brief overview of WOB-

A
  • Work of breathing - is the physical work that has to be carried out by the muscles of respiration to overcome the elastic resistance and non-elastic resistance of the airways
  • WOB increases = Poor compliance , increased resistance , decrease in respirapty capacity , More elastic resistance
22
Q

Give the 3 Types of airflow pattern-

A

laminar = Seen in very small airways

Turbulent = Seen in trachae and larger airways , especially with higher velocity

Transitional = Combination of both - seen in medium sized airways especially at branch points

23
Q

Opening and closing pressures of alveoli-

A
  • High pressures needed for opening collapsed alveoli
  • At critical opening pressure , a maintained inspiratory effort will inflate most of the lung tissue
  • On deflation , alveoli tend to remain open , and empty at lower pressures
  • Stay open due to surfactant and collateral channels

Pathology SEM 1 (12 decks)

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