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Environmental Science > The Importance Of Conserving Biodiversity > Flashcards

The Importance Of Conserving Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What resources do we get from nature?

A

Wood
Fibres
Oils
Fuels
Food

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2
Q

What can wood be used for?

A

Manufacturing of buildings, tools and furniture
Fuel

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3
Q

What can fibres be used for?

A

Cotton
Wool
Paper
Silk
Rayon

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4
Q

What can oils be used for

A

Food
Lubricants
Soap

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5
Q

What types of fuel come from nature

A

Wood
Charcoal
Alcohol
Vegetable oils

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6
Q

What types of food comes from nature

A

Plants
Animals
Algae
Fungi

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7
Q

Why must new food species be considered?

A

Very few known species of plant or animal are used for food
Most are kept in areas where not well adapted so productivity is low

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8
Q

What are usually better adapted indigenous or introduced?

A

Indigenous as they are usually better adapted to local conditions

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9
Q

What local conditions my affect plant growth

A

Climate, pests and soil conditions

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10
Q

What can be doen to increase desirable characteristics?

A

Selective breeding

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11
Q

What plants have potential commercial cultivation?

A

Yeheb tree- somalia, produces nuts, drought resistant, grows in poor soil
Morama bean- dry south africa protein smilar to soya, drought resistant

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12
Q

What is biomemetics?

A

The use of knowledge and of the adaptations of other pecies to improve the design of manufactured intems

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13
Q

How has vehicle design been altered by biomemetics?

A

Wing tip feathers of soaring birds reduce turbulence and drag this has helped aircraft wing design and help fuel effciency
Shark skin has scales that reduce friction while swimming. The ridges created by the scales have been copied in design for aircraft and ship hulls to reduce fuel consumption

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14
Q

How can biomemetics be used for infection control?

A

Bacteria do not stick easily to shark skin, coating that imitates shark skin is used in hospitals operating theatres to help contorl bacterial infections

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15
Q

How has architecture used biomemetics

A

Termite mounds absorb sunlight and become hot creating convestion currents drawing out stale air from the lower mound, lower air pressure on the outside draws the air out.
Copied in shopping centres and office blocks to create natural ventiliation and colling without air conditions

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16
Q

How can biomemetics be used for adhesion

A

Seeds of plants that have burrs and hooks that stick to fur of passing animals used to develop velcro

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17
Q

How might plants defend themselves?

A

Thorns, spikes bad taste or chemicals

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18
Q

Why are the plant chemicals important?

A

Some have beneficial medical effects in humans

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19
Q

What can poppies be used for?

A

Painkillers like morphine

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20
Q

Where does aspirin come from?

A

The bark of willow trees now synthetically produced

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21
Q

Where does AZT come form?

A

Tropical marine sponge in carribean used to treat HIV/AIDS

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22
Q

What is physiological research

A

Studiying the adapdations of other organims to give humans a better undertsanding of health problems

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23
Q

How have we researched marsupials?

A

Give birth to young very early then develop in pouch
Easier to study than a human baby of the same age in its motehr womb

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24
Q

What research has been doone on hippos?

A

Their skin secretes hipposurduric acid which is a natural sunscreen and antimicrobial agent. Studied for burn treatment

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25
Q

How are armadillos studied?

A

They can catch leprosy
Studied for info anout disease and vaccine production

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26
Q

What are pest control species

A

A wide range or preadators, herbivores and parasites that control agricultural pests can be indigenous or introduced

27
Q

How can natural predators be increased>

A

Ladybirds and beetles can be increased by providing suitable habitats like hedgerows and beetle banks

28
Q

What is Encarsia formosa?

A

A parasitic wasp that is released in greenhouses to control whitefly pests on crops like tomatoes

29
Q

What genetic resources in nature is unused?

A

Many populations of wild plant have desirable characteristics that may be used in cultivated crops to ikprove variety

30
Q

What is the problem with domesticated crops?

A

Lack genetic diversity because they have been produced from a limited number of orginal plants

31
Q

What does CWR stand for?

A

Crop wild releative

32
Q

What are crop wild relatives

A

Wild plants of the same species or close relatives to domesticated crops

33
Q

Where CWR usually found

A

In areas where environmentl degradation threatens their survival (middle east, central america and south easta asia)

34
Q

How has sugar cane been made disease resistant?

A

Protected from sugar cane mosaic virus by cross-breeding with wild sugar cane variety from indonesia

35
Q

How has sea kale be used as a CWR?

A

Sea kale is salt tolerant and been studied for breeding programmes with close relatives

36
Q

How has the cacao plant been made resisatnt to drought?

A

Cacao (chocolate) made drought tolerant by cross breeding with relative from amazon rainforest

37
Q

What characteristics have been introduced by CWR

A

Disease resitance
Salt-tolerance
Resitant to drought
High yield
Improved taste/ apperance
Nutrient uptake

38
Q

How has yield of oil palm been increased?

A

Increased by 25% by cross breeding with wild relatives form central Africa

39
Q

How were pineapples made more attractive?

A

Sweeter pineapples with yellower flesh produced by selective breeding since 1990

40
Q

How has mycorrhizal fungi been used to improve nutrient uptake in wheat?

A

Cross breeding wih wild wheat that have a relationship with the fungi so the fungi will utake nutrinets for the more domesticated wheat and provide nutrients

41
Q

What are centres of diversity?

A

Russian biologist Nikolai Vavilov studied crop gentics in early 1900’s
Realised soem areas had high concentrationd of close relativs of important crop species
Areas were named centres of diveristy

42
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The total number of different genes present in all individuals in a popualtion of a particular specie s

43
Q

Will a large population have a large geen pool?

A

Not necessarilyas all decendants may be closely related

44
Q

What is the problem with a small gene pool

A

The population may all be susceptible to the same environmental changes
Risk of interbreeding exposing unwted reccessive genes

45
Q

What must happen to maintain a large gene pool

A

A wide range of of genetically different comparitively distantly-related indiduals must be protected

46
Q

What are ecosystem services?

A

How species influence the condtions on earth that are beneficial to humans

47
Q

How is atmospheric compostion an ecosystem service

A

Regulated by many abiotic and biotic processes which act and cancel each other out creating ‘dynamic equilibrium’
Importance goes unoticed due to said ‘balance’
Concentration of CO2 and O2 is regulated by photosynthesis and respiration

48
Q

How is the hydrological cycle an ecosystem service

A

Evapotranspiration frpm from vegetation produces a large amount of water vapour that forms clouds, controls surgace temperatures and increases percipitation

49
Q

Why are biogeochemical cycles important

A

Without these processes waste products would build up and important nutrient resources would become depleted

50
Q

Why is soil maintenance important

A

Vital for growth and survival of almost all plants providing support, water and nutrients
Rehulated the water cycle, even water flow and reducing flooding
Matter produced from decomposition produces organic acids which aid the weathring and breakdown of rocks producing more soil and more nutrients

51
Q

Why are interspecies relationships important

A

No species can live in ecological isolation becuase their survival relies on other species for a range of resources and ecological services

52
Q

Why is food important for plants and animals

A

All heterotrophs rely on other organisms as a source of energy and nutrients

53
Q

Why is pollination by insects important

A

Allowed dispersed plant populations as insects travel far distances for flowers
More successful than wind pollination (unreliable)
Insect pollinating plants save energy as less pollen as wind pollinators

54
Q

Why is pollination by animals important

A

Important in forests where trees reduce wind velocity so wind pollinative would be ineffective

55
Q

What types of insects pollinate flowers?

A

Bees
Butterflies
Moths
Beetle
Wasps

56
Q

What aniamls take part in pollination?

A

Birds
Bats
Insects

57
Q

How do animals pollinate plants

A

Visit flowers and drink sugar rich nectar picking up pollen in the process

58
Q

How is the Darwin orchid specialised?

A

Pollen at the end of 30cm tube only one insect (Sphinx moth) carries pollen between the orchids
Stops less speciliased feeders wasting the pollen

59
Q

Why is seed dispersal by animals important?

A

Seeds are carried longer distance (over wind)
As animals live in the same habitat they will take seeds where the plant can survive
Larger seeds can also be carried (wind cannot)

60
Q

How can plants attract animals

A

Using good tasting and and brightly coloured fruit

61
Q

How do animamls disperse seeds (larger animals)

A

Dropped by animal
Or pass through the gut and left in feacal matter which acts as a fertilser for germination

62
Q

What is habitat provision

A

When one species mayprovide habitats for other species

63
Q

What are examples of habitat provision

A

Trees provides nests for birds
Hermit crabs live in shells of dead molluscs

Environmental Science (90 decks)

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