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Environmental Science > Noise Pollution > Flashcards

Noise Pollution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is noise?

A

Sound which is unwanted

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2
Q

How is sound produced?

A

Vibrations passing through air, liquid or solid But not a vacuum

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3
Q

What is the effect of noise on objects?

A

If noise causes an object to vibrate at its natural resonate frequency this may result in stress cracks which is an indication of acoustic fatigue

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4
Q

What sort of infrastructure can be structurally damaged by repetitive vibration?

A

Roads
Bridges
Buildings
Aircraft

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5
Q

What are the physiological effects of noise on organisms?

A

Muscle constrictions
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Constriction of blood vessels
Stress
Irritability
Head aches
Temporary or permanent damage to hearing

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6
Q

What can be over stimulated or die from loud noises?

A

Microscopic hair cells which line the organ of corti in the cochlea of the inner ear when dead hearing loss is permanent

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7
Q

What ways do animals use sound?

A

Navigation
Finding food
Attracting mates
Avoiding predators

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8
Q

How does noise pollution affect animals?

A

Makes it difficult for them to survive by interfering with sound

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9
Q

What marine organisms rely upon sound?

A

Whales
Dolphins

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10
Q

What do whales and dolphins rely on sound for?

A

Echolocation to feed, communicate, navigate and find mates sound interferes with this

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11
Q

What is an example of birds being affected by noise?

A

Bluebirds in noisy areas have fewer chicks

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12
Q

How are cows affected by noise pollution?

A

Cows equipped with bells tend to decrease head movements to avoid generation of the sound thereby reducing the amount of pasture plants removed

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13
Q

How can chronic noise stress affect male animals?

A

Male sex hormone and causes changes in reproductive organs and glands
Increased serum corticosteroids causing 80% decline in testosterone concentration

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14
Q

What is chronic noise stress?

A

Prolonged above 100db

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15
Q

What actions may be intensified by loud noises? (In animals)

A

Flight reactions- galloping, random movements, biting/ kicking

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16
Q

What is frequency? (Energy)

A

Number of waves per second

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17
Q

What is the unit for frequency?

A

Hertz (hz)

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18
Q

What is the hertz range for humans?

A

Can detect frequencies between 20 and 20,000 sensitive between 1000-4000

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19
Q

What is the abbreviation for decibel?

A

dB

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20
Q

What sound does the decibel scale measure?

A

All sound types

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21
Q

What is the decibel scale?

A

measure of the size of the fluctuations in the air pressure caused by sound waves

22
Q

What doesn’t the decibel scale measure?

A

Sound volume

23
Q

What type of scale is the decibel scale?

A

Logarithmic- 10db increase doubles intensity

24
Q

Why is the decibel scale logarithmic?

A

Because of the wide range of human hearing response

25
Q

What type of sound is the DBA scale used for?

A

Used for human hearing so only sound available to humans (20-20,000 hz)

26
Q

What does NNI stand for?

A

Noise number index

27
Q

What does the NNI measure?

A

Number of flights and the noise level of aircraft over 80db

28
Q

How are the results from the NNI presented?

A

Range of 0-70 with aircraft noise being unreasonable in level of 50-60

29
Q

How much of outside noise comes from transport?

A

66%

30
Q

What is road vehicle noise a combination of?

A

Engine noise
Exhaust noise
vibration of the tyres on road surface

31
Q

What is a baffle mound?

A

barriers made of earth, wood, metal or concrete or composites may reduce noise levels by 10-15dB

32
Q

What is the problem with baffle mounds?

A

Houses above the height of the barrier wont be protected

33
Q

What are some mechanisms to reduce traffic noise?

A

Traffic calming
Engine enclosure
Seal exhausts joints effectively
Fans turned off when not needed
Buffer zones or barriers
Traffic flow management
Build new roads below the level of the land surface
Use porous asphalt for road surfaces
Improve housing insulation

34
Q

What is the principle with traffic calming?

A

Slows traffic reducing tyre noise

35
Q

What is the principle with engine enclosure?

A

enclosure absorbs noise

36
Q

What is the principle with seal exhausts joints effectively?

A

Reduce vibration

37
Q

What is the principle with fans turned off when not needed?

A

Reducing number of of moving parts

38
Q

What is the principle with buffer zones or barriers?

A

absorb noise

39
Q

What is the principle with traffic flow management?

A

Ban lorries at times or places
Control flow by sequencing traffic lights

40
Q

What is the principle with building new roads below the level of the land surface?

A

Embankments absorb and reflect noise

41
Q

What is the principle with using porous asphalt for road surfaces?

A

Texture helps absorb noise
20% of its volume is pore space thus water infiltration is rapid, reducing noisy spray

42
Q

What is the principle with improving house insulation? (noise pollution)

A

Double/ triple glazing + composite wall material absorbs sound

43
Q

What is railway noise a combination of?

A

Engine noise
Vibration of wheels on track

44
Q

How can railway noise be controlled?

A

Timing freight and passenger movement (ban between 12am-5am)
Ballasts

45
Q

Why are ballast used on railways?

A

Aggregates under and between the tracks absorb noise

46
Q

What is domestic noise a combination of?

A

Appliances (TV, dishwasher)
Garden equipment
Music

47
Q

How can you control domestic noise?

A

Insulation e.g. double insulation to absorb or reflect noise
Considerate use

48
Q

How can industrial noise be reduced?

A

Reduce weight and height of impacting masses
Reduce speed of spinning parts
Reducing pressure and flow velocities of circulation systems
Enclosing in acoustic insulation
Using dampening materials (viscous liquid to dissipate energy)

49
Q

How can workers be protected from industrial noise?

A

Using ear protectors
Limiting exposure to the noise

50
Q

How can airport noise be reduced?

A

Lighter (reduce engine power)
Aerodynamic shape
Engine smaller but more efficient
Better brakes
Limit weight carried in plane
Limit flight times
Reduce air ports bear high density urban areas

Environmental Science (90 decks)

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