Minerals Extracted From The Lithosphere

Question 1

What is the litosphere?

Answer 1

The uppermost layer of the mantle and the crust that exists above it it along with the seidments/soils that are sat over it

Question 2

What can be found in the litosphere?

Answer 2

Minerals and metals which are used by humans for many things

Question 3

What does non-renewable mean

Answer 3

Mewns that something in this case minerals will run out

Question 4

Why are minerals non-renewable

Answer 4

They reform too slowy within the earth

The timescale are longer than that of humans.

Question 5

What are the 3 outcomes for minreals?

Answer 5

1. We run out and find alternatives
2. We find new sources by using new tech
3. We recycle what we can

Question 6

What are the three types of mineral resource

Answer 6

1. Metal and metal ore
2. Industrial minerals
3. Construction materials

Question 7

What are industrial minerals?

Answer 7

Sands and gravels

Question 8

What are construction materials

Answer 8

Limestone and gypsum

Question 9

What is an igenous intrusion?

Answer 9

When magma cools and solidifies undergroud without breaching earths surface.

Question 10

What does an igneous intrusion provide

Answer 10

The heat source needed to form a deposit

Question 11

How does a deposit form by igneous intrusion

Answer 11

Hot fluids from volatiles (rock in magma) or by fluid in surrounding rock dissolve chemical elements.
Fluids cools and drop the sediments crystallising and forming ore veins

Question 12

What is an ore?

Answer 12

A rock which contains concentrations of minerals of a particular type within it

Question 13

What are concentrated strands of mineral called?

Answer 13

Veins

Question 14

What are metamorphic processes?

Answer 14

Tectonic processes cause huge slabs of crust to move and collide
Do not always completely melt the crust

Question 15

What do collsions of tectonic slabs cause?

Answer 15

Increase in heat and pressure

Question 16

What happens if the rocks do not reach their melting point?

Answer 16

The rocks become changed but not melted

From sedimentary grain to strong crystallised rocks

Question 17

What are examples of metamorphic processes?

Answer 17

Limestone turns into marble

Mudstone under pressure becomes slate

Question 18

Why was the sky and water pink/orange on early Earth

Answer 18

As there was little free oxygen

Proterozoic rocks exposed at the surface had a high level of iron that was released by weathring

Question 19

What happened at the surface when iron was weathered?

Answer 19

As there was no oxygen iron entered the ocean as the iron ions

Question 20

What is the name for the primitive phostosynthetic organism?

Answer 20

Blue-green algae

Question 21

What does blue-green algae produce? (waste)

Answer 21

O2 as a waste from photosynthesis

Question 22

What did free oxygen form when combined with iron?

Answer 22

Magnetite - iron oxide

Question 23

What did the iron ion form in the sea floor?

Answer 23

Bands of iron rich sediment

Question 24

What happened to iron when the biomass expanded

Answer 24

Iron was abke to neutralise all waste O2 this meant O2 rose to toxic levels in the sea water

Question 25

What happened to the algae when the O2 concentration increased?

Answer 25

Resulted in extinction as it was poisonous to them created an iron poor layer of silica

Question 26

What allowed more iron rich layers to form?

Answer 26

The reestablishment of the algae populations

Question 27

What happened as algae populations rose and decline over time?

Answer 27

The process of toxic O2 then reestablisent would repeat creating bands of rich and poor iron layers

Question 28

What are sedimentary processes

Answer 28

Cause minerals to settle and build up

Question 29

What is the build or sedimentary mineral

Answer 29

Placer deposit

Question 30

Ehat is an example of a placer deposit

Answer 30

Gold at the bottom of a water fall or thr near shallow bank of a river

Question 31

What are examples of alluvial deposits

Answer 31

Sands, gravels and clay

Question 32

How are alluvial deposits sorted

Answer 32

Sprted by water the material with less mass carried further

Question 33

Why is water velocity important fir alluvial deposits?

Answer 33

Heps sorting as to move larger materials like gravels the water needs more energy

Question 34

What is aggregate?

Answer 34

“Bulk materials” - coarse to medium grained sedimentary material used in construction
Most mined materials

Question 35

Where does aggregate tend to collect?

Answer 35

Rivers
River terraces
Glacial and fluvioglacial areas
Beaches

Question 36

What is an evapourite?

Answer 36

The natural salt or minerla left after the evapouration of a body of water

Question 37

What is an example of a evaporite?

Answer 37

Halite (rock salt)

Question 38

What are biological sediments

Answer 38

Sediments formed from once living organisms

Question 39

What are the three main biologiclal sediments?

Answer 39

Coal
Oil
Limestone or chalk

Question 40

How does coal form?

Answer 40

Formed over millions of years from vegetation in swamps

Question 41

How does oil form?

Answer 41

Made over the millions of years from the death of millions of tiny organisms in seas

Question 42

How does limestone/chalk form?

Answer 42

Formed from the shells if dead marine creatures slowly crushed and compacted over time to form rock

Question 43

What are placer deposits?

Answer 43

mineral deposit in which grains of a valuable mineral like gold or the rare earths are mixed with sand deposited by a river or glacier