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Environmental Science > Captive breeding and release programs > Flashcards

Captive breeding and release programs Flashcards

1
Q

What is ex situ conservation

A

Conservation away from where you would normally find that species

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2
Q

What is in situ conservation

A

Conservation that takes place within a species natural habitat

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3
Q

What is five questions need to be considered for ex situ conservation

A

1) Is the wild population threatened?
2) Is there a genetically diverse captive population?
3) Is in situ conservation successful?
4) Is keeping a captive population realistic?
5) Is released into the wild going to take place?

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4
Q

Why does habitat size affect keeping species in captivity

A

Some species require such a large habitats that they cannot be kept in captivity

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5
Q

What sort of species Can’t really be kept in captivity?

A

Whales 

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6
Q

How can food requirements effect if a species can be kept in captivity

A

Some species have feeding requirements that cannot be easily provided

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7
Q

What sort of animals have tricky food requirements

A

Insectivorous bats, fish that eat plankton

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8
Q

How much does species interrelationships affect captivity

A

Some species have complicated species interrelationships

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9
Q

What is an example of a species interrelationship

A

Mycorrhizal root fungi relationships with plants

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10
Q

How can financial restraints affect keeping species in captivity

A

Keeping animals in zoos or plants in botanic Gardens is expensive and there’s not enough money available to keep all endangered species in captivity

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11
Q

What are some examples of the conditions needed for breeding

A

Day length, light level, temperature, amount of food or the amount of stored body fat

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12
Q

What happens if the conditions for breeding are not met

A

Breeding will not occur

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13
Q

How can population interactions affect breeding success

A

In the wild breeding pairs of many birds made choose isolation while nonbreeding individuals live elsewhere

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14
Q

What can happen when breeding and nonbreeding individuals Are mixed

A

May cause conflict and reduce the survival of eggs and chicks

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15
Q

How can the availability of partners affect breeding

A

Some species breed most successfully breeding a single partner
while some breed more successfully if there is a choice of partners

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16
Q

How does breeding habitats affect captive breeding programs 

A

Some species can only breed if they have a suitable habitat

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17
Q

What Things might make a habitat suitable for a species

A

Suitable site for courtship display, social grouping, an area for hunting or a nestsite

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18
Q

How are flamingos made to breed in captivity

A

Mirror put up around the enclosure to get the effect of a large group that is required for flamingos to Breed

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19
Q

What Is the gene pool size of most captive breeding programmes

A

Have a small gene pool

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20
Q

What are the risks of having a small gene pool

A

Increases the risk of inbreeding

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21
Q

What is the problem with inbreeding

A

Harmful recessive genes become expressed If both parents are carrying the needed Gene This is most likely to happen with closely related individuals

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22
Q

How was the Hawaiian goose Affected by a small Gene Pool size

A

Program is started with only seven individuals this led to some Goessling having Thin feathers which meant they died in cold conditions

23
Q

What can a studbook be used for

A

Used to keep records of family trees which house to ensure breeding takes place between individuals that are as unrelated as possible

24
Q

How can hybridisation affect a captive breeding programs

A

 If too closely related species decide to breed it can often lead to infertile offspring being born this is the case for both animals and plants

25
Q

Why is it hard to stop Hybridisation in plants

A

Oh as pollen can be car between plants by insects or the wind

26
Q

What is cryopreservation

A

The storage of eggs, semen, and embryos by freezing for future use in breeding programs

27
Q

What are the positives of cryopreservation 

A

Can be transported long distances much more easily than moving the parent animals
Means the parents never have to meet to produce offspring
 can be frozen stored for use in the future

28
Q

What is artificial insemination

A

Involves a collection of semen from a male and its insertion into a female to produce offspring

29
Q

What are the positives of artificial insemination

A

Semen can be stored for years a male father could produce offspring long after he died
Reduced injury from breeding
Easier to transport

30
Q

What does artificial insemination avoid

A

Many of the problems that occur in breeding programs that involve natural mating

31
Q

What sort of problems arise from natural mating

A

Animals may not live in the same zoo
Mating can be dangerous
Potential partners may not accept each other

32
Q

What is embryo transfer

A

One embryo from desire species is put into that have a similar species and is used as a surrogate mother

33
Q

What are the main steps of embryo transfer

A

Species given hormones so they ovulate multiple times
 eggs washed out of the uterus and fertilised with male semen
All the eggs are planted in surrogate mothers
Allows multiple Offspring to be produced at once

34
Q

What is micropropagation

A

A form of tissue culture where many clusters of cells can be produced from a single plant or tissue sample

35
Q

How does micropropagation work

A

Tissue sample is collected each cell cluster can be cultivated to produce an individual plant

36
Q

What is a problem with micropropagation

A

All the plants produce a genetically identical

37
Q

What is cloning

A

Production of embryos by transferring the nucleus from a standard sale of the endangered species into an empty cell of a closely related species

38
Q

What happens during cloning

A

The egg is implanted into a female of a closely related species eventually producing a baby animal of the endangered species

39
Q

What is the problem with cloning

A

The clone animal does not live very long
Success rate is low

40
Q

What sort of species are being trialled for cloning

A

The northern white rhinoceros which currently can’t breed

41
Q

What are the key features of a successful release program

A

Large enough suitable habitat
Reliable food supplies
Low predation risk
Suitable breeding sites
Water
Support of local human population
Official support, for example legal protection

42
Q

What is hard release

A

This is when individuals are released with no post release support

43
Q

What sort of species will be released by hard release

A

Species were behaviour is controlled by instincts So no survival skills need to be learnt

44
Q

Name some species that will be hard released

A

Insects, fish, and Amphibians , reptiles

45
Q

What is soft release

A

Post release supports such as gradual released into large areas and the provision of food as They learn to find food for themselves

46
Q

What animals need soft release

A

Necessary for mammals and birds

47
Q

What problems faced by released individuals

A

Finding and recognising food
Recognising poisonous food
Developing hunting skills
Recognising and avoiding predators
Being accepted into the social groups of the wild populations

48
Q

What are seed banks

A

Store of wild plants species are not become globally stink extinct in the wild

49
Q

What Plant seeds are kept in a seed bank

A

If they’re threatened the wild
Particular importance to humans
Crop wild relatives 

50
Q

What is an example of a seed bank

A

The millennium seed bank at Wakehurst Place in Sussex

51
Q

How are seeds kept to the millennium seed bank

A

Dry or refrigerated conditions

52
Q

What is the target number of seeds for each species in a seed bank

A

10,000

53
Q

Why are so many seeds kept of each plant species

A

To ensure a diverse gene pool

54
Q

Where is seeds kept In a millennium seed bank

A

To event major accident seeds are stored underground in a reinforced Vault

Environmental Science (90 decks)

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