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Environmental Science > Fishing > Flashcards

Fishing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is demersal fishing?

A

Fishing for species that live on the sea bed

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of demersal fishing?

A

Demersal trawling
Demersal long line

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3
Q

What is demersal trawling?

A

used for species on the sea bed using a weighted net that drags along the sea bed

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4
Q

What sort of species are caught with demersal trawling?

A

cod
haddock
plaice
shrimps
scampi

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5
Q

What is demersal long line?

A

use of a line of baited hooks to catch cod and haddock on the sea bed

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6
Q

What are shellfish traps?

A

baited traps that catch crustaceans such as crabs, crayfish and lobsters

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7
Q

What is pelagic fishing?

A

fishing for species that live in open water above the sea bed often near the surface

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8
Q

What is pelagic trawling?

A

a net used for species that form shoals in midwater or near the surface

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9
Q

What species are usually caught when pelagic trawling?

A

bass
anchovies
herring
mackerel

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10
Q

Why will non-target species not usually be caught with pelagic trawling?

A

Pelagic fish often form single-species shoals

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11
Q

What unwanted species are you likely to catch with pelagic trawling?

A

predator species such as porpoises and dolphins

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12
Q

What are drift nets?

A

long curtain like nets that are supported by floats and catch pelagic species near the surface

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13
Q

what sort of species will be caught be drift nets?

A

Tuna
Herring

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14
Q

What is purse seining?

A

using a net that is laid around a shoal of fish the top is held up by floats while the bottom is held down with floats the net is then pulled tight closing the net and trapping the fish

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15
Q

What species do you usually catch with purse seining?

A

Tuna
Sardines
Herring
Anchovies

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16
Q

What is pelagic long line fishing?

A

use of baited hooks in the surface of the ocean which can be many kilometers in length

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17
Q

What species do pelagic long lines usually catch?

A

Tuna
Squid

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18
Q

What does a catch quota do?

A

Sets a limit on the total weight of fish that can be landed (may be divided amongst all ships in a fleet)

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19
Q

When do quotas work best?

A

When fish are found in single species shoals where fishing will stop if the quota for that species has already been reached

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20
Q

What happens if the quota has been reached when fishing in mixed shoal water?

A

Any surplus for one species must be thrown back even though they are probably dead

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21
Q

What can be done to fishing equipment to make it effective while minimising environmental damage?

A

Mesh size
Mesh design
Escape panels
Acoustic deterrent devices
Hook shape
Decoys
Sinkers
Night fishing
Biodegradable & radio tracked equipment

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22
Q

How can mesh size be changed?(fishing)

A

net mesh size can be set so that fish below a certain size can escape

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23
Q

how are fishing nets designed?(mesh)

A

Designed so that the mesh direction is diagonal to the direction of movement giving the net elasticity when pulled but this causes the mesh to close as drag increases (catch more), small fish can’t escape

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24
Q

What can be done so small fish can still escape fishing nets?

A

Panels in the net at right angles to the direction of movement so it doesn’t close up allowing small fish to still escape

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25
Q

What are a type of escape panel built into fishing nets?

A

TEDs or turtle exclusion devices

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26
Q

What are TEDs?

A

Large spring loaded escape panels in the nets which allow turtles to escape

27
Q

What are acoustic deterrent devices also known as?

A

Dolphin pingers

28
Q

What are acoustic deterrent devices?

A

Produce high frequency sounds that warn dolphins about the presence of the net

29
Q

How can hook shape be changed to minimise environmental damage?

A

Longline hooks with curved points that still catch tuna but are less likely to catch albatross

30
Q

How can decoys minimise the environmental damage of fishing?

A

These attract and distract birds so that they do not get caught on the long line hooks

31
Q

What are sinkers? (Fishing)

A

Weights attached to pelagic longlines that holds the hooks down in the water so that still catch fish but don’t catch albatrosses

32
Q

Why might night fishing be less environmentally damaging?

A

Using longlines at night when birds are not feeding so they aren’t caught as by-catch

33
Q

Why are biodegradable & radio tracked fishing equipment used?

A

Used to reduce ghost fishing

34
Q

How can crab and lobster traps be made more eco-friendly if lost?

A

Can be tied together with biodegradable rope which will fall apart if left for a prolonged period

35
Q

What do lobster traps in the USA have?

A

Radio transmitters that activate if the traps are lost so they can be recovered

36
Q

What limits are there for boats in some areas of the UK?

A

Size
Engine power
Days each year they can fish

37
Q

What can boat owners receive when the number of fishing boats is so large overfishing is unavoidable?

A

boat owners may receive compensation for their boats to be de-commissioned

38
Q

How can drift nets be restricted?

A

Bans
length restricted

39
Q

What sort of area will demersal trawling be banned?

A

where the seabed ecosystem is particularly sensitive

40
Q

what ways can fishing methods be restricted?

A

Ban on drift nets
Bans on demersal trawling
No take zones (NTZs)
Turtle by-catch
Closed seasons
Minimum catchable size
Maximum catchable size
Protected individuals
Captive rearing and release

41
Q

What is an area where demersal trawling is banned?

A

NW Scotland (Rockall bank) large deep water coral reefs

42
Q

What does NTZ stand for?

A

No take zones

43
Q

What are NTZs?

A

areas where fishing and other activities that exploit wildlife or damage the habitat are not permitted

44
Q

What do NTZs protect?

A

breeding adults especially larger individuals works when the species is none migratory

45
Q

Why are larger individuals protected by NTZs?

A

as they produce a lot of offspring which can colonise surrounding areas where fishing may have reduced population of breeding adults

46
Q

What is one of the main factors that can reduce turtle by-catch?

A

in tropical fishing areas reducing the time that the net is towed

47
Q

What is an example of shorter net time reduces turtle mortality rates?

A

Shrimp nets

48
Q

What is the turtle survival rate when the net is in for 10 mins or less?

A

99%

49
Q

What % of turtles drown if shrimp nets are left in for 1hr?

A

50-100%

50
Q

What is an example of an NTZ in Scotland?

A

Lamlash bay

51
Q

What is a closed season?

A

a ban on fishing for part of the year allowing fish to grow to a larger size

52
Q

What season should be included in the closed season?

A

the breeding season to protect future generations

53
Q

Why might fishermen oppose to closed seasons?

A

as during breeding season fish congregate in shoals making them easier to catch

54
Q

What wont minimum catch size necessarily do?

A

may not reduce the mass of the catch

55
Q

What might a minimum catch size allow for?

A

large numbers of small fish to grow to a larger size and live long enough to breed

56
Q

Why are maximum catch size used?

A

protecting large individuals may ensure there is a surviving population of breeding adults

57
Q

What is an example of maximum catchable size?

A

Female lobsters may not be caught if their shell is longer then 145mm

58
Q

How can the future production of young be increased? (Fishing)

A

if adults that are known to breed are protected

59
Q

What is an example of protected individuals? (fishing)

A

Female lobsters that are caught and found to be carrying eggs must be released

60
Q

What i8s a V-notch?

A

cut in the tail so if a good breeding lobster is caught it will be released

61
Q

What is another name for captive rearing and release? (fishing)

A

population seeding

62
Q

What is the aim of population seeding?

A

increasing the wild populations by releasing individuals that have been raised in captivity

63
Q

What are some examples of population seeding?

A

Lobsters and oysters

64
Q

What is the problem with population seeding?

A

it causes development of different behaviours meaning its difficult for them to breed with wild individuals

Environmental Science (90 decks)

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