The Immune System: specific immunity Flashcards

1
Q

where are T cells produced

A

bone marrow as immature

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2
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus gland, under the influence of thymosin, becomes specialised

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3
Q

how do T cells become activated and what happens after

A

encounter infective connective tissue
travel around the bloodstream only attacking when they recognise the one specific antigen

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4
Q

where are B cells produced and matured

A

bone marrow

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5
Q

describe the function of B cells

A

produce antibodies/immunoglobulins, targets one specific antigen

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6
Q

define immunoglobulins

A

glycoproteins that bind and destroy antigens

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7
Q

describe T cells and the cell mediated response

A

encounter an antigen for the 1st time, they become sensitised to it
cannot detect free antigens in body fluids
so need antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present the antigen

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8
Q

describe an APC

A

macrophage
engulf and digest antigen
presents antigen on plasma membrane

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9
Q

describe a cytotoxic T cell (CD8)

A

inactivate antigen carrying cells by releasing a toxin
destroy abnormal body cells

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10
Q

define abnormal in relation to the immune system

A

infected or cancerous

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11
Q

describe T helper (CD4)

A

produce cytokines (interleukins/interferons) to support and promote CD8 cells and macrophages
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

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12
Q

describe T regulatory cells

A

turn off activated T and B cells
limiting the immune response’s potentially damaging effects
immunological tolerance

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13
Q

define immunological tolerance

A

preventing the development of autoimmunity and to protect the fetus during pregnancy

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14
Q

describe T memory cells

A

respond rapidly to followoing encounters with the same antigen

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15
Q

describe B cells and the antibody mediated (humoral) immunity

A

B cells recognise and bind to antigens directly
make antibodies, some released into the bloodstream for distribution but also B cells present antibody on plasma membrane
Helper T cells enable the B cells to enlarge and multiply making 2 B cells: Memory B cells
Plasma cells

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16
Q

define plasma cells

A

produce antibodies, that bind to and destroy the antigen

17
Q

define memory B cells

A

provides long term immunity for that antigen

18
Q

define antibodies

A

glycoproteins, in immunoglobulins group
bind to antigens
bind to toxins, neutralising them
activate complement

19
Q

describe the function of IgA

A

covers epithelial membrane to prevent antigens crossing over
found in breastmilk and saliva

20
Q

describe IgD function

A

made by B cells
displayed on B cells plasma membrane
antigens bind to activate B cells

21
Q

describe the function of IgE

A

found on plasma membranes
triggers inflammatory response by binding to an antigen

22
Q

describe IgG function, Grandmas live longer

A

longest-lived
attacks many different pathogens and crosses the placenta to protect fetus

23
Q

describe the function of IgM, mothers born recently

A

sign of recent invasion
short lived, appear first
activator of complement system

24
Q

describe the general structure of an antibody

A

two heavy amino acid chains
two light polypeptide chains
binds between chains is disulphide bonds

25
Q

describe the complement system

A

system of 20 proteins found in blood and tissues
activated by presence of anitgen-antibody immune complexes
binds to, and damages bacterial cell walls
binds to bacterial cells walls, stimulating phagocytosis
attract phagocytotic cells to the area of infection