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MW1012 Anatomy and Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Upper respiratory tract do?

A

aids in the passage of air
Moistens the warm air before it reaches our lungs

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2
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx- nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Larynx

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3
Q

Describe the nasal cavities structure and function

A

Internal chambers in the nose
Where air is inhaled, warmed and humidified

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4
Q

Describe the structure of nasal conchae and function

A

Scroll-shaped bones
That protrude and firn spaces which air passes
Conchae swirl air around allowing time to humidify, warm and clean air before it enters the lungs

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5
Q

Describe the epithelial cilia and mucous membrane function in the nasal cavity

A

Seromucous, other glands and goblet cells produce mucous that along with cilia traps unwanted large particles which we cough or swallow when it reaches the pharynx

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the epithelial lining

A

Contains glands/goblet cells which secrete mucus to trap particles
Ciliates cells waft foreign particles towards the pharynx where they can be swallowed
Phagocytotic cells engulf an destroy bacteria and debris trapped by mucus

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7
Q

larynx function

A

voice box

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8
Q

pharynx function

A

dual function as passageway for air travelling to and from the lungs and swallowing food and drink down the oesophagus

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9
Q

what happens to the epiglottis when breathing

A

stays up and air passes freely between laryngopharynx and larynx

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10
Q

what happens to the glottis and epiglottis when eating

A

when eating glottis closes and epiglottis folds backwards covering the entrance to the larynx so food and liquid don’t enter the trachea to lungs

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11
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Bronchial tree:
Trachea
Divides into two primary bronchi
Hilum
Divide into two/right secondary bronchi and three/left
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Alveolar sacs

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea

A

Cylindrical tube, has c-shaped cricoid cartilaginous tubes prevent airway collapse
Lined with ciliated epithelial cells containing goblet cells which secrete mucus

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13
Q

Describe the structure of bronchi

A

Structured by cartilage

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14
Q

Describe the structure of bronchioles

A

Structured by smooth muscle
Under the control of autonomic nervous system can cause bronchodilation and brochoconstriction

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15
Q

Describe the structure of alveolus

A

One layer of squamous epithelial cells (type 1 cell) also contains type 2 cells (cuboidal) which secrete pulmonary surfactant, a phospholipid what keeps the membrane moist and the alveolus patent
Covered by a network of pulmonary capillaries, each wall is one cell thick
macrophages line alveolar surface

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16
Q

Describe the relationship between alveolar and the pulmonary blood vessels

A

The meet point between the walls of the alveolus and wall of capillary is called the respiratory membrane
Gas exchange occurs via diffusion
The large surface area plus very thin wall = efficient gas exchange

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17
Q

describe the pleura and pleural cavity

A

pleura consists of a closed sac of serous membrane which contains a small amount of serous fluid called pleural fluid
the visceral and parietal pleura refer to the two layers of the pleura cavity

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18
Q

describe the role of pleura

A

the lungs can expand and recoil within the pleural sac, lubricated by the pleural fluid

19
Q

describe the conducting zone

A

from nostril to start of bronchioles
no gas exchange

20
Q

describe intercostal muscles

A

11 pairs between 12 pairs of ribs
supplied by intercostal nerves and arranged in two layers: external and internal

21
Q

describe the function external intercostal muscles

A

lift the rib cage up and out in inspiration

22
Q

describe the function of internal intercostal muscles

A

used when expiration becomes active, i.e. exercise

23
Q

describe the diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscular structure

24
Q

Describe Inspiration

A

Active (needs energy), simultaneously, diaphragm contracts and moves downwards and external intercostal muscles contract which expands the thoracic cavity and the rib cage is moved upwards and outwards, causing the lung tissue to be pulled upwards and outwards with the ribs and downwards with diaphragm as pleura membrane is all connected
causes lungs to expand and pressure within alveoli and air passage to decrease, drawing air into lungs

25
Q

Describe expiration

A

Passive, diaphragm and external intercostal muscle relax, so downwards and inwards movement of rib cage so volume of thoracic cavity is reduced and pressure inside lungs increases so Air is expelled .

26
Q

describe how accessory muscles are used in forced inspiration

A

muscles contract and pull rib cage upwards boosting the action of the external intercostal muscles

27
Q

describe how accessory muscles are used in forced expiration

A

shortens the expiration time, increases the speed and force of exhalation and allows respiratory rate to rise
sometimes the abdominal muscles are used, which compress the abdominal organs increasing the upward pressure on diaphragm and helping to force air out of lungs

28
Q

describe the physiological variables affecting breathing

A

elasticity: the amount of stretch of the lung and ability to return to normal
compliance: how easy it is for the lungs to stretch
airway resistance: how easy it is for air to move through the airways

29
Q

describe the role of surfactant

A

reduce friction and decrease surface tension within the alveoli and makes it easier for the alveoli to expand and contract

30
Q

describe the mechanics of inspiration

A

movement of rib cage and flattening of diaphragm increases lung volume
causes drop in airway pressure
air rushes in
lungs expand
max air is lung volume

31
Q

define tidal volume

A

amount of air that moves into the lung in one respiratory cycle

32
Q

define functional residual capacity/ residual volume

A

amount of air left in the lungs at the end of expiration

33
Q

describe the mechanics of expiration

A

relaxed diaphragm relaxes the chest muscles
causes rib cage to compress lungs and decrease space as u breath out
lungs return to original shape due to elastic recoil

34
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume of air over and above the normal tidal volume that can be inhaled into the lungs during max inspiration

35
Q

define inspiratory capacity

A

amount of air that can be inspired with max effort

36
Q

define expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air that can be expelled over and above the normal tidal volume during max expiration

37
Q

define peak expiratory flow

A

measured with peak flow meter and record max speed of air flow during forced expiration

38
Q

define vital capacity

A

the max amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs

39
Q

describe the gas exchange taking place during respiration in alveoli and tissues

A

lungs: high partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli so oxygen binds to haemoglobin in blood
blood: low partial pressure of oxygen in blood so carbon dioxide binds to haemoglobin in blood

40
Q

describe transport of CO2

A

10% as dissolved gas
30% combined with Hb
60% as bicarbonate ions

41
Q

describe neural control of ventilation

A

receptors (peripheral chemoreceptors, central chemoreceptors and pulmonary mechanoreceptors) > respiratory control centre (medulla, pons) > impulse travels via spinal cord > effectors (respiratory muscles, diaphragm)

42
Q

describe the central chemoreceptors role

A

central- brain stem neurons respond to changes in pH in cerebral spinal fluid = levels of CO2 in blood
maintaining stable pH ensures stable CO2 levels

43
Q

describe the peripheral chemoreceptors role

A

peripheral- sensitive to pCO2 and low arterial pO2

MW1012 Anatomy and Physiology (25 decks)

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