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MW1012 Anatomy and Physiology > Cells, Tisues And Homeostasis > Flashcards

Cells, Tisues And Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the function of the plasma membrane

A

Control the passage of substances in and out of the cell, regulating the intracellular environment

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Two layers of phospholipids with proteins and sugars embedd within it
Lipid cholesterol is present
Phospholipid head is hydrophilic and the fatty acid tail is hydrophobic

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3
Q

Describe diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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4
Q

Describe osmosis

A

Passive movement of water down its concentration gradient to reach equilibrium

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5
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion

A

Passive process of movement with molecules which cannot diffuse across the semipermeable membrane unaided, e.g. glucose

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6
Q

Describe active transport

A

Active process of the movement of substances In against its concentration gradient using ATP aided by a carrier protein

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7
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

Directs the cell’s metabolic activity and contains the body’s genetic information (DNA)

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8
Q

Describe chromatin

A

A fine network of threads which forms chromosomes when cell division is occurs

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9
Q

Describe the nucleolus

A

Involved in the production of the components of ribosomes

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10
Q

Describe the function of mitochondria

A

Synthesise ATP

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11
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins from amino acids using mRNA as the template

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12
Q

Describe the function of the Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth: synthesises lipids and steroid hormones
Rough: site of protein synthesis for extra cellular

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13
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Packages proteins into vesicles for exocytosis

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14
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A

Small vesicles, Contain a variety of enzymes used to breakdown fragments of organelles and large molecules e.g. RNA, DNA, carbs to be either exported as cell waste or recycled can digest foreign material

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15
Q

Define organelles

A

Small organs with highly specialised functions usually enclosed by their own membrane with in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

Define a tissue

A

Consist of large numbers if the same cell type, four types: epithelial or epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous

17
Q

Describe the structure of epithelial tissue

A

Cells lining body cavities, e.g. gut lining, glands
Simple, squamous and cuboidal and columnar and stratified

18
Q

Describe the function of epithelial cells

A

Secretion, absorption and protection of underlying structures e,g, from chemicals damage

19
Q

Describe the function of connective tissue

A

Binding, structural support, protection, insulation and transport

20
Q

Describe the function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Skeletal: under voluntary control attached to bones for motion

21
Q

Describe the function of smooth muscle tissue

A

Under involuntary control and initiates its own contraction and forms walls of tubes, e.g. airways, blood vessels, gut, bladder

22
Q

Describe function of cardiac muscle

A

Found in heart wall, under involuntary control, contracts to cause heart to pump

23
Q

Describe the function of nervous tissue

A

Excitable cells- neurones, initiates, receive , conduct and transmit info
Non-excitable cells- glial cells support neurones

24
Q

Describe an organ

A

The grouping of two or more tissue types into a structure performing the same function

25
Q

Describe a system

A

Collection of related organs with a common function

26
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Genetically Programmed cell death of an ageing cell in which it disintegrates and its remains are phagocytosed by macrophages

27
Q

Outline apoptosis

A
  1. Cell shrinks, chromatin condenses
  2. Membrane starts blebbing and organelles disintegrate
  3. Nucleus and organelles collapse, membrane continues to bleb
  4. Apoptotic bodies form
  5. Macrophages phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
28
Q

Describe the effects of ageing on body systems

A

With ageing, mitosis slows down so cells that die aren’t replaced

29
Q

Describe homeostasis

A

The composition of the internal environment is constantly maintained in a constant state

30
Q

What is a homeostasis control system

A

Receptor, control centre and effector

31
Q

Describe the control system of high temperature

A

Lowers temperature > skin and hypothalamus receptor > hypothalamus and pituitary glands > sweating, vasodilation of skin capillaries > heat loss
Negative feedback

32
Q

Control system of low temperature

A

Raises temperature > skin and hypothalamus receptor > pituitary and hypothalamus glands > skin hair stands up, skeletal muscles contract = shivering, vasoconstriction of skin capillaries > heat gain
Negative feedback

33
Q

Control system of low blood pressure

A

Low BP > baroreceptors in artery walls > cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata > increased heart rate and cardiac output and blood vessels constrict more

34
Q

Control system of high BGL

A

BGL increase > glucose receptors in pancreas islets cells > islet cells > insulin secretion> increase glucose uptake into cells

35
Q

Control system of high blood volume

A

High blood volume > atrial receptors in kidney > brain and kidney > kidney function > stop fluid intake and increase urine volume

36
Q

Negative feedback occurs when

A

Response reverses original stimulus so restores to normal levels

37
Q

Positive feedback occurs when

A

Response enhances original stimulus so continues to reinforce the original stimulus e.g. an action potential

38
Q

Describe the control system of positive feedback, childbirth

A

Baby head stretches cervix > cervical stretch receptor > posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin > uterus muscle contracts forcing baby out > birth stops process

MW1012 Anatomy and Physiology (25 decks)

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