Muscuoloskeletal System

Question 1

What are the 5 basic tissues that make up the MSK system

Answer 1

Bones, ligaments, cartilage, skeletal muscles, tendons

Question 2

Describe the basic function of ligaments

Answer 2

Attach bone to bone

Question 3

Describe the basic structure of cartilage

Answer 3

Protective gel like substance lining joints and intervertebral discs (spine)
Shock absorber, protective mechanism- stop friction between bones

Question 4

Describe the basic function of tendons

Answer 4

Attaching muscle to bone

Question 5

What are the 5 bone types

Answer 5

Flat bones, e.g. sternum
Irregular bones, e.g. vertebrae
Sesamoid bones, e.g. patella
Long bones, e.g. Fermur
Short bones, e.g. carpals

Question 6

Describe the skeletal system functions

Answer 6

Provide the body framework
Giving attachment to muscles and tendons
Alllowing movement of the body as a whole and parts, by forming joints that are moved by muscles
Forming boundaries if the carnium, thorax and pelvis and protecting the organs they contain
Haemopoiesis, the the production of blood cells in red bone marrow
Mineral storage, especially calcium phosphate - the mineral reservoir Whithorn nine is essential for the maintenance of blood calcium levels, which must be tightly controlled

Question 7

Describe the spongy bone tissue

Answer 7

Porous
Highly vascularised
Function, reduces bone density,
allows end of long bones to compress as a result of repeated stress

Question 8

Describe compact bone tissue

Answer 8

Makes up the hard outer layer, compact due to its minimal gaps and spaces
It gives bones their smooth, white and solid appearance, 80% of total bone mass
Contains nerves and blood vessels

Question 9

Describe Long bones

Answer 9

Elongated , slender bones found mainly in the limbs
Made up of diaphysis (long shaft) and epiphysis (end bits)
And hyaline cartilage
Outer layer is tough/fibrous to protect bone underneath
Covered in vascular membrane (periosteum)
Inner layer contains bone cells for bone production and breakdown, repair and remodelling

Question 10

Describe diaphysis

Answer 10

Composed of bone-central medullary canal containing fatty yellow bone marrow
Has own blood supply , main arterial nutrient supply to it

Question 11

Describe epiphysis

Answer 11

Outer covering of compact bone with spongy bone inside
Has own blood supply

Question 12

Describe the hyaline cartilage

Answer 12

Prevent damaging bone to bone contact

Question 13

Describe the other bone structures

Answer 13

Flat bone and irregular bone made up of
thin outer layer of compact bone and
spongy bone inside containing red bone marrow
Surrounded by periosteum

Question 14

Name the 3 types of bone cells

Answer 14

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 15

Describe Osteoblasts

Answer 15

Bone building cells

Question 16

Describe osteocytes

Answer 16

Mature bone cells

Question 17

Describe osteoclasts

Answer 17

Bone reabsorbing cells

Question 18

State function of osteoblasts

Answer 18

Deposit new bone tissue around themselves, eventually becoming trapped in tiny pockets in growing bones and differentiate into osteocytes

Question 19

State function of osteocytes

Answer 19

Do not divide
Responsible for bone formation and calcium homeostasis

Question 20

State function of osteoclasts

Answer 20

Breakdown bone releasing calcium and phosphate
As new bone cells are made, old ones are destroyed by osteocytes

Question 21

Describe stage 1 of Osteogenesis

Answer 21

Stage 1: osteoblasts secrete osteoid (proteins)
Replace cartilage in foetus

Question 22

Describe stage 2 of osteogenesis

Answer 22

Calcium and phosphate laid down
Osteoblasts progressively calcify it converting the cartilage into a hard rigid mature bone

Question 23

Describe stage 3 of osteogenesis

Answer 23

Osteoblasts form a matrix, cells become trapped and become osteocytes

Question 24

Describe the role of HGH, Thyroxine and tri-iodothryronine

Answer 24

Promote bone growth in foetus

Question 25

Describe the role of testosterone and oestrogen in bone growth

Answer 25

Testosterone- increase bone mass
Oestrogen- increase bone density

Question 26

Describe the role of calcitonin and parathyroid in bone growth

Answer 26

Calcitonin- increases uptake of calcium
Both calcitonin and parathyroid control calcium uptake and ensuring bone density is maintained
Parathyroid- decreases uptake of calcium

Question 27

How do we maintain our bones

Answer 27

Bones constantly being remodelled and regrown due to continued wear and tear and trauma

Question 28

1st stage of bone healing

Answer 28

Haematoma formation
Big blood clot
Stops active bleeding

Question 29

2nd stage of bone healing

Answer 29

Callus formation
Fibroblasts and osteoblasts lay down granulation tissue and osteoid tissue
Phagocytosis of dead bone and tissue fragments by macrophages

Question 30

3rd stage of bone healing

Answer 30

Bony Callus formation
Callus laid done as spongy bone and brings together ends of broken bones
Supports and splints fracture

Question 31

4th stage of bone healing

Answer 31

Recanalisation and remodelling
Converts the external callus to compact bone