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IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (TopnotcherQT) > THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (Natural Immunity) > Flashcards

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (Natural Immunity) Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

The immune system consists of ___________ immunity and ___________ immunity.

A

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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1
Q

Protection from disease resulting from substances in the serum (e.g., antibodies, IFN, TNF)

A

Humoral immunity

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2
Q

A type of immunity in which T cells produce cytokines that help to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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3
Q

Known as innate or inborn/genetic immunity; characterized as a nonadaptive/nonspecific’ no memory cells formed:

A

Natural immunity

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4
Q

The first line of defense in natural immunity consists of;

A
  1. Anatomical barriers
  2. Humoral factors
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5
Q

Examples of anatomical barriers of the 1st line of defense:

A
  1. Skin and mucous membranes
    - Skin pH = 5.6 (lactic acid produced by the normal flora on skin)
    - Vaginal pH = 5
    - Urination - flushing action
  2. Ciliary action (respiratory tract)
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6
Q

Humoral factors;

A
  1. Lysozymes
  2. Stomach acidity
  3. Pepsin
  4. Lactoferrin
  5. Complement proteins
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7
Q

It cleaves the cell wall of a class of bacteria:

A

Lysozyme

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8
Q

Digests bacterial surface proteins:

A

Pepsin

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9
Q

Binds iron which is essential for microbial growth:

A

Lactoferrin

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10
Q

Leads to the destruction of extracellular bacteria:

A

Complement proteins

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11
Q

The second line of defense consists of:

A

Cellular factors

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12
Q

Examples of phagocytes:

A
  • Neutrophils (most efficient/best)
  • Macrophage
  • Monocytes (second best)
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13
Q

Presents antigenic fragments to T cells:

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

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14
Q

Most effective APC:

A

Dendritic cells

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15
Q

Examples of dendritic cells:

A
  • Langerhans cells
  • Interstitial cells
  • Interdigitatingcells
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16
Q

These are specialized APCs found on the epidermis;

A

Langerhans cells

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17
Q

APCs that are found in all the major organs:

A

Interstitial cells

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18
Q

These are APCs that are found in secondary lymphoid organs and thymus:

A

Interdigitating cells

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19
Q

Brain macrophages:

A

Microglial cells

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20
Q

Kidney macrophages:

A

Mesangial cells

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21
Q

Liver macrophages:

A

Kupffer cells

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22
Q

Lung macrophages:

A

Alveolar macrophage

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23
Q

Bone macrophages:

A

Osteoclast

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24
Q

These are cells that originated in the mesenchymal cells; tissue basophils; mediate HSR by releasing histamine.

A

Mast cells

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25
Q

CD Markers of NK cells:

A

CD 16
CD 56

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26
Q

NK cells are known as lymphokine-activated killer cell when exposed to:

A

IL-2 and IFN-y

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27
Q

Receptors that recognize the presence of MHC I (normal cell)

A

Inhibitory receptors

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28
Q

True or False:

Infected and cancerous cells lack MHC II (2), which leads to lack of inhibition of killing

A

False

Infected and cancerous cells lack MHC I (1), which leads to lack of inhibition of killing.

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29
Q

NK cell killing through:

A

Perforins - pore-forming proteins that polymerize in the presence of Ca

Granzymes - Serine esterase; degrading enzymes/degrades the tumor cells

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30
Q

Physical damage to tissues, either by trauma or microbial multiplication, releases substances such as activated complement and products of infection to initiate _________.

A

Phagocytosis

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31
Q

Cells are guided to the site of injury by chemoattractant substances (ex. C5a)

A

Chemotaxis

32
Q

Receptors of the innate immune system recognize ___________________ through ______________________.

A

Receptors of the innate immune system recognize Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs/PPRRs)

33
Q

a protein originally discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila; very similar molecules are found in human leukocytes:

A

Toll/Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

34
Q

TLR1 recognizes:

A

TLR1 recognizes lipoprotein found in mycobacteria

35
Q

TLR2 recognizes:

A

TLR2 binds to peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria

36
Q

TLR4 recognizes:

A

TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide in gram-negative bacteria

37
Q

These are macrophage mannose receptors:

A

C (calcium) dependent lectin

38
Q

Scavenger receptors recognize:

A

Anionic polymers

39
Q

Phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign matter through:

A

active membrane invagination

40
Q

A bacteria that can inhibit phagocytosis because its capsule is hydrophilic:

A

Diplococcus (Streptococcus) pneumoniae

41
Q

Coating of organisms by molecules that speed up phagocytosis:

A

Opsonization

42
Q

Granules in the phagocyte which contain _______________ fuse with the phagosome forming phagolysosome.

A

hydrolytic enzymes (lysosome)

43
Q

The activity if the enzyme _____________ leads to the formation of Reactive Oxide Species (ROS)

A

NADPH oxidase

44
Q

Enumerate examples of ROS:

A
  • Superoxide anion
  • Hydroxyl radical
  • H2O2
  • Singlet oxygen
45
Q

Hydrogen peroxide kills the bacteria in the vacuole; production of hypochlorite which is toxic to the bacteria:

A

Myeloperoxidase mediated system

46
Q

Enumerate oxygen-independent mechanism granules:

A
  • Defensins (degrade bacterial cell membrane)
  • Lysozyme (attacks cell wall)
  • Lactoferrin (binds iron essential for microbial growth)
47
Q

A result of tissue damage; facilitates phagocytosis:

A

Inflammation

48
Q

Signs of inflammation (enumerate)

A
  1. Rubor - redness
  2. Dolor - pain
  3. Calor - heat
  4. Tumor - swelling
  5. Funtio leasa - loss of function
49
Q

1st leukocyte to arrive at the site of injury, most effective phagocytes, short-lived, present in acute inflammation:

A

Neutrophils

50
Q

Movement/ squeezing of WBCs through blood vessel walls;

A

Diapedesis

51
Q

2nd to arrive, long-lived, present in chronic inflammation:

52
Q

Monocytes produce _____ which leads to:

A

Monocytes produce IL-1 which leads to
- Fever
- Increase APRs
- Stimulates IL-2 production for lymphocyte proliferation

53
Q

IL-1 stimulates what cell to produce IL-2?

A

IL-1 stimulates T helper cell to produce IL-2 for lymphocyte proliferation

54
Q

Which APRs that can reach 1000x ULN?

A
  • C-Reactive Protein
  • Serum amyloid A
55
Q

A group of cytokines discovered in virally infected cultured cells. They interfere with viral replication; virus non-specific but host-specific.

A

Interferon

56
Q

Type 1 IFN include:

A

IFN-a (alpha)
IFN-B (beta)

57
Q

Type 2 IFN include:

58
Q

IFN-a was discovered in what culture?

A

Virus-induced leukocyte culture

59
Q

IFN-B was discovered in what culture?

A

dsRNA-induced fibroblasts

60
Q

IFN-y was discovered in what culture?

A

Immunologically stimulated lymphocyte cultures

61
Q

Producer cells of IFN-a:

A

Null lymphocytes (Natural killer cells)

62
Q

Producer cells of IFN-B:

A

Fibroblast, epithelial cells, macrophages

63
Q

Producer cells of IFN-y:

A

Th1 cells (T helper subset 1)

64
Q

IFN-a is also known as:

A

Leukocyte IFN

65
Q

IFN-B is also known as:

A

Epithelial fibroblast IFN

66
Q

IFN-y is also known as:

A

Immune IFN

67
Q

Function of IFN-a:

A
  • Activates NK cells
  • Enhances MHC I expression
  • Active against certain malignancies and other inflammatory process
68
Q

Function of INF-B:

A
  • Active against certain malignancies and other inflammatory process
69
Q

Function of IFN-y:

A
  • Affects RNA expression
  • Increases MHC I and II expressions of APCs
  • Activates macrophages, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK cells, Th1
70
Q

Clinical application of INF-a:

A

Treatment for Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Hepatitis C

71
Q

Clinical application of INF-B:

A

Multiple sclerosis

72
Q

TNF-a is produced by:

A
  • Macrophages
  • NK cells
73
Q

Other name of TNF-a:

74
Q

TNF-B is produced by:

A

Lymphocytes

75
Q

Other name of TNF-B:

A

Lymphotoxin

76
Q

A heat-labile series of 18 plasma proteins, many of which are enzymes of proteinases:

A

Complement

77
Q

An APR that has been found to increase significantly more in bacterial infections than in viral infections:

A

Serum amyloid A

IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (TopnotcherQT) (25 decks)

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