The Immune System

Question 1

What are the two main types of immune hypersensitivity?

Answer 1

Allergy, and autoimmune disease. (Think rheumatoid arthritis)

Question 2

Define cytokine storm.

Answer 2

1. Systematic inflammatory response due to abnormally high levels of cytokines.
   Or
2. When body reacts so strongly to a pathogen (or immune system thinks it’s a pathogen) that the whole body responds very violently which can lead to organ failure and death.

Question 3

Define cytokine

Answer 3

Immune signaling molecule.

Question 4

Explain how vaccines work in 4 steps.
1. Injection
2. Immune response to that in the moment
3. Immune response after.
4. Immune response when in use again.

Answer 4

Question 5

Explain how mRNA vaccine work. Part 1: The set up

Answer 5

Question 6

Explain how mRNA vaccine work. Part 2: what happens directly after the set up? (First immune response)

Answer 6

Question 7

Explain how mRNA vaccine work. Part 3: the secondary immune response and set up for the finale.

Answer 7

Question 8

Explain how mRNA vaccine work. Part 4: The attack

Answer 8

Question 9

Damage may be taken in 2 forms in which both the immune system responds to. What are those two general categories? What are specific examples?

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the active components of the immune system? (2)

Answer 10

White blood cells and Secreted substances

Question 11

Define immune effectors.

Answer 11

stuff that does stuff to attack pathogens → the immune system’s specialists in violence

Question 12

What are the 4 steps in the immune response. (Step 3 technically 2 different things!)

Answer 12

Question 13

In terms of timing of response, how quickly do these levels of immunity respond.
Barriers
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity

Answer 13

Question 14

There are three types of barriers in the immune system. What are they and give examples of each of them.

Answer 14

Question 15

There are two categories of innate immunity. What are they and give examples of each.

Answer 15

Question 16

There are two categories of adaptive immunity immune response. What are those categories and give examples of each.

Answer 16

Question 17

Explain at least 3 differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
What is the key distinction?

Answer 17

Question 18

Match the arrows to:
T cell receptors
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Memory cells
Specific immunity
Phagocytes

Answer 18

Question 19

Explain how innate and adaptive immunity work together.

Answer 19

Question 20

Immune cells are what type of cell? (Broad)

Answer 20

Question 21

Name the 3 type of lymphocytes. Hint: lymphocytes are adaptive immunity. (Except 1… in this class)

Answer 21

Question 22

Name the three types of granulocytes. (2 do the same thing for our purpose)

Answer 22

Question 23

Name the 3(technically 4), phagocytes.

Answer 23

Monocytes: are in the circulation; they differentiate as macrophages or dendritic cells when they exit the circulation and enter the tissues
macrophages: are large phagocytes that reside in tissues and scavenge debris
Dendritic cells: they ingest pathogens in tissues then travel to lymph nodes

Question 24

Explain phagocytosis (3 steps)

Answer 24

Question 25

Define apoptosis.

Answer 25

Programmed cell death

Question 26

What do NK cells do (are “looking for”)? How do they do it? (What mechanism do they use to identify target)

Answer 26

Question 27

Define what the C-reactive protein is. And how it works.

Answer 27

Generally bind and help phagocytes respond to the pathogen.

Question 28

What are the two main soluble factors we’ve learned about?

Answer 28

C-reactive protien and Histamine, (and complement but they kinda require other factors)

Question 29

Define what an Opsonin is.

Answer 29

Question 30

Histamine is a soluble factor: How is Histamine released? What is it? What does it promote?

Answer 30

Question 31

Complement is a soluble factor: Where is it produced? How is it activated? What does it do when activated?

Answer 31

Question 32

What are signs of inflammation? What is chemically going on in the pathway to incite inflammation? 4 steps.

Answer 32

Question 33

Summary slide: