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AS Biology > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes communicable disease by destroying cells or secreting toxins

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A protein on the cell membrane which initiates an immune response

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3
Q

What is cellular immune response?

A
  1. White blood cells (lymphocytes) destroy pathogens or toxins directly
  2. (Phagocytes / Killer T-cells)
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4
Q

What is the humoral immune response?

A
  1. Antibodies destroy pathogens or toxins
  2. B-cells and Plasma cells
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5
Q

Describe the non-specific immune response of a white blood cell.

A
  1. Phagocyte recognises foreign antigen on pathogen
  2. Phagocyte engulfs pathogen into a phagosome
  3. Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome
  4. Lysozymes are releases which hydrolyse the pathogen
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6
Q

Describe specific immune response of a white blood cell.

A
  1. Phagocyte presents the pathogens antigen on its cell surface membrane
  2. Phagocytes are antigen presenting cells
  3. T-helper cell with complementary receptor binds to the presented antigen
  4. This activates complementary T-killer and B-lymphocytes
  5. By releasing cell signaling molecules
    -e.g. cytokines
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7
Q

What activates T-cells?

A
  1. Activated by antigens presented by phagocytes
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8
Q

What are the 2 types of T-Cells?

A
  1. T-Helper Cells -> activate B-Cells / Cytotoxic T-Cells
  2. Cytotoxic T-Cells -> kill pathogens (Cellular response)
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9
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Proteins that bind to antigens to kill pathogens

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10
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Only the B-Cell that forms an antigen-antibody complex is selected to divide into plasma cells

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11
Q

What do B-Cells do?

A
  1. The B-Cells with the complementary antibody forms an antigen-antibody complex and activates the right B-Cell
  2. Selected B-cell divides / clones itself -> many copies called plasma cells
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12
Q

What are plasma cells?

A
  1. Clones of the selected B-Cell with complementary antibody to pathogens antigen
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13
Q

What is the purpose of plasma cells?

A
  1. Make monoclonal antibodies -> antigen - antibody complex with antigen
  2. Stick pathogens together = agglutination
  3. Phagocytes can destroy many pathogens at once
  4. When infection is over. Plasma cells are saved as memory B-Cells
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14
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A
  1. Y shaped protein with a quaternary structure
  2. Constant region is the same for all antibodies
  3. Variable region is specific and only complementary to one antigen
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15
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Attaching of multiple proteins to form a clump

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16
Q

What is the benefit of the agglutination of phagocytes?

A

Many pathogens can be destroyed at once by a single phagocyte

17
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A
  1. First immune response to a pathogen
  2. Longer lag time
    - No memory cells
  3. Clonal selection
  4. Pathogens multiply and damage host cells
  5. T-Cells and B-Cells become memory cells
18
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A
  1. Second infection by some pathogen / antigen
  2. Shorter lag time
  3. More antibodies produced
  4. Rate of antibody production is faster
  5. You will not feel symptoms
19
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Identical antibodies made from the same B-Cell / Plasma Cell

20
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to deliver drugs?

A
  1. All cells have different / specific antigens on their surface
  2. Attach drugs to antibodies -> bind to target cells
  3. Drug + Antibody will only bind to target cells
21
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Contains antigens / antigenic material (dead / weakened pathogens) to stimulate an immune response

22
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When you make your own antibodies

23
Q

What is Natural active immunity?

A

Antibodies made after exposure to a pathogen

24
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Antibodies made after a vaccination

25
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When you are given antibodies by another organism

26
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Antibodies transmitted from mother to baby via placenta or breast milk

27
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Antibodies are acquired from a blood transfusion or immune serum medicine

28
Q

What is an ELISA test?

A

Enzyme Linked Immuno Solvent Assay

29
Q

Describe the Direct test for antigens?

A
  1. Immobilised antibodies are attached to well
  2. Sample added
  3. 4 Blood Plasma contains antigen
    • form antigen - antibody complex
  4. Rinse to remove unbound antigens
  5. Antibody + enzyme is added
  6. Rinse to remove the unbound antibodies
  7. Add substrate -> if it’s positive -> colour change
30
Q

Describe the indirect test for antibodies?

A
  1. Antigen is fixed to the well
  2. A sample is added -> if complementary it will form an antigen - antibody complex
  3. Rinsed to remove unbound antibodies
  4. A different antibody is added with an enzyme attached
  5. Rinsed to remove unbound antibodies + enzyme
31
Q

What does HIV do?

A

Infect Helper T-Cells and weakens the immune system

32
Q

How does HIV replicate?

A
  1. Virus attachment protein binds to receptor on host
  2. Reverse transcriptase -> makes double stranded DNA from RNA
  3. DNA entered nucleus via nuclear port
  4. TH-Cells makes more copies of the virus genetic material (RNA) + proteins (reverse transcription)
  5. Reforms Capsid
  6. Leaves host cell -> takes an envelope from hosts membrane

AS Biology (16 decks)

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