Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards
What organelles are only present in a plant cell?
- Cellulose
- Cell Wall
- Vacuole
- Chloroplasts
What other organelles are present in all eukaryotic cells?
- Cell membranes
- Ribosomes
- Golgi Apparatus
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Cytoplasm
- Lysosomes
What is the purpose of the nucleus?
- Where the chromosomes are
- Controls the activities of the cell
- Nucleus makes ribosomes
What is the purpose of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
- Network of fluid filled membranes
- Usually attached to the nucleus
- Covered in ribosomes
- Modifies and Folds Proteins
What is the purpose of the Small Endoplasmic Reticulum?
- Same as R.E.R but no ribosomes
- Not attached to the nucleus
What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus?
- A group of fluid filled sacs
- Modify and Package proteins and lipids
- Puts them into vesicles for transport
- Makes Lysosomes
What is the purpose of the Golgi Vesicles?
- Made by the Golgi Apparatus
- Store and transport proteins and lipids
- Can transport proteins and lipids out of the cell
What is the purpose of the lysosomes?
- Special type of Golgi vesicle
- Contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes
- Used to hydrolyse pathogens and old cell organelles
What is the purpose of the mitochondria?
- Site of Aerobic Respiration
- Make ATP
What is the purpose of the cell wall?
- Strong, structured wall that protects the cell from changing shape
What is the purpose of the vacuole?
- Contains sugars and salts - cell sap
- Keeps cell turgid
What is the purpose of the chloroplasts?
- Site of photosynthesis
- Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy
What is the purpose of ribosomes?
- Make proteins
- Very small organelles
- Attached to R.E.R
- Made of proteins/RNA
What is a specialised cell?
- Cells that have evolved to carry out specifc functions
- They need different adaptations to do this efficiently
How are proteins produced?
- nucleus contains the gene for the protein
— site of transcription (DNA –> mRNA) - Protein synthesis translation (mRNA –> alpha alpha chain) takes place on the ribosomes often on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Protein is transported to the golgi apparatus/body in a vesicle
How are proteins secreted?
- Golgi body modifies the protein
- Protein is packaged with a golgi vesicle
- Vesicle is transported to the cell surface membrane
- Exocytosis - vesicle fuses with he membrane
What is the structure of a prokaryotic cell?
- Loop of DNA
- Cytoplasm
- Small ribosomes
- Cell Membrane
- Cell Wall
- Capsule
- Flagella
- Plasmids
What is the purpose of the flagella?
- Rotates to move cell
What is the purpose of the capsule?
- Slime layer
- Adds extra protection
What is A-Cellular?
- They don’t have their own cells
- Not living > Can’t reproduce without another living cell
How do viruses reproduce?
- Attachment proteins bind to complementary receptor proteins on host
- Attachment proteins specific to receptor proteins > host
- Viruses inject their genetic material
—-> Hijacks the host cell > uses hosts organelles (machinery) to reproduce more viruses
