The hypothalamus and autonomic control Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vital parameter?

A

Anything that when changed and disturbed causes disfunction

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2
Q

Where are contextual inputs integrated in during homeostasis?

A

Into the hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is a contextual input?

A

Cortical areas which feed in on top of sensory inputs

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4
Q

Where does the paraventricular nucleus feed into?

A

ANS
Neuroendocrine

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5
Q

Describe adenohypophysis

A

Troph cells stimulated by releasing hormones from parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamus

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6
Q

Describe neurohypophysis

A

Releases hormones from the magnocellular neurons directly into systemic circulation

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7
Q

Describe the portal system

A

Blood goes from one tissue to the other without returning to the heart or the lungs

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8
Q

What is the cascade following hormone release by parvocellular neuron?

A

Hormone is released ->
Travels into circulatory via portal vein ->
Blood is deoxygenated (doesn’t return to the heart) and carries the hormone to bind to receptors in troph cells ->
These release another hormone and travel in systemic circulation in the body

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9
Q

Describe the release of hormones from the magnocellular neurons

A

Axons go through the pituitary and directly release neurons into the systemic circulation

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10
Q

Define a trophic hormone?

A

A hormone that releases a stimulating effect on other hormones

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11
Q

Where are trophic hormones found?

A

The anterior lobe of the pituitary

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12
Q

Name 3 trophic hormones

A

TSH
FSH + LH
ACTH

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13
Q

Is the ANS involuntary or voluntary?

A

Involuntary

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14
Q

What are the 2 efferent pathways of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What are the ANS effectors?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

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16
Q

Which efferent pathway has the nickname fight or flight?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

17
Q

Which efferent pathway has the nickname rest and digest?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

18
Q

Where do the sympathetic neurons come from?

A

Thoracic
Lumbar

19
Q

Where do the parasympathetic neurons come from?

A

Sacral spinal cord
Brain

20
Q

How does the ANS function without the hypothalamus?

A

Sensory afferent division ->
Brainstem nuclei ->
Motor efferent division

  • The degree of hypothalamic control depends on the parameter
21
Q

What is the organisation of the sympathetic ns?

A

Cervical spinal cord
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

22
Q

What information is processed in the dorsal horn?

A

Sensory info

23
Q

What information is processed in the ventral horn?

A

Motor info

24
Q

What neurons are in intermediolateral cell column?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

25
Where do sympathetic neurons join the sympathetic chain ganglion?
Higher than T1 and L3
26
Where do neurons for the sacral parasympathetic organisation come from?
Intermediate via ventral root to ganglia near the target organ
27
What neurotransmitter does the sacral parasympathetic organisation use? What receptor does this activate?
Acetylcholine Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
28
What nerve controls pupil dilation?
Oculomotor nerve
29
What is cranial nerve 3?
Oculomotor nerve
30
What is cranial nerve 10?
Vagus nerve